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Home > 33 Ancient Greek Archaeological Sites In Greece: The Acropolis & Beyond

33 Ancient Greek Archaeological Sites In Greece: The Acropolis & Beyond

Written by our local expert Gabi

Gabi is an award-winning writer who lives on the Island of Crete in Greece. She is an expert in Greek travel and writes guides for the everyday traveler.

This is your guide to the best archaeological sites in Greece that you have to see to believe. We uncover things from the Ancient Greek world and the Roman periods.

From the Acropolis in the city of Athens, Ancient Olympia, Akrotiri Excavations, and loads more of the most important ancient sites.

Greece Travel Blog_Archaeological Sites In Greece You've Got To See To Believe

Greece is a magnificent country, home to pristine beaches and unique landscapes that will stick to your memory forever, making your holiday in Greece an unforgettable moment in your life.

One thing that makes the country truly unique is the fantastic variety of Archaeological sites you can visit in every corner of the country.

No matter where you are in Greece, a piece of history will always be waiting for you to discover and explore.

Skip Ahead To My Advice Here!

Archaeological Sites In Greece

In this article, we have included the best archaeological sites you can visit in the country. You can either visit them on your own or book a guided tour for better insight and more information. You can also get yourself a guide to each site to explore better.

Acropolis of Lindos in Rhodes
Acropolis, Athens

Ancient Agora, Athens

Ancient and Medieval Rhodes
Ancient city of Aigai (Also known as the UNESCO Archaeological Site of Aigai in Vergina)
Ancient city of Corinth
Ancient Delos Archaeological Site and Museum
Ancient site and museum of Mycenae
Ancient site and theatre of Epidaurus
Ancient Temple of Apollo Epicurius
Ancient Temple of Poseidon, Cape Sounion
Archaeological Site and Museum of Ancient Delphi
Archaeological Site of Philippi and ruins of Macedonian city Krinides
Archaeological site and Museum of Olympia
Archaeological site of Akrotiri in Santorini (Also known as Akrotiri, Minoan Bronze Age settlement)
Archaeological site of Gortyna, Crete
Archaeological site of Phaistos, Crete
Archaeological site of Sparta

Archaeological Site of Eleusis (Elefsina)

Catacombs in Milos
Delphi, Central Greece

Meteora, Central Greece

Minoan Palace of Knossos in Crete
Mycenae, Peloponnese
Mystras, Peloponnese
Olympia, Peloponnese
Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments, Thessaloniki
Pythagoreion and Heraion, Samos island
Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus
Temple of Poseidon at Sounion
The Ancient City of Thebes
The fortified islet of Spinalonga in Crete
The Royal Tombs at Vergina

Let’s see where the most spectacular Greek archaeology sites you can visit are located;

Most Visited Sites Archaeological Sites Of Greece

The acropolis in athens – highest point of the city.

Archaeological Sites In Greece - The Acropolis In Athens Greece

The most famous and most visited archaeological site in Greece is the Acropolis of Athens . Usually crowded all year long, it’s a must-visit site in Greece, and you cannot miss your itinerary of heading to the island’s capital.

Also known as the Sacred Rock, the archaeological site overlooks the whole site of Athens as it is the highest point of Athens. The Acropolis is the most remarkable heritage of the Classical period and one of Europe’s most prominent ancient monuments.

Archaeological Sites In Greece - Parthenon on Acropolis, Athens, Greece

The buildings in the site date back to the 5th century BC and are the most imposing living memory of Ancient Athens’s former splendor. The main building is its Parthenon temple, an architectural marvel of all times. Other buildings to check in on the site include the Temple of Athena Nike and the Erechtheion.

Tips for visiting: The site is usually extremely crowded, but this shouldn’t stop you from visiting. Book your tickets in advance, pay a bit more for a skip-the-line option, or visit every early in the morning or right before sunset for a less overcrowded experience.

Remember that the marbles you’ll be walking on are ancient; they’ve been worn by the elements, so they are slippery. Wear the right shoes and carry a refillable water bottle if you visit during the hottest hours of the day.

If you’re visiting Athens and plan to discover the wonders of the Acropolis , choose a hotel in the area. Great options are the Herodion Hotel and AthensWas.

Here is where to stay in Athens.

Knossos palace on crete – an insta-worthy archaeological site .

Archaeological Sites In Greece - Knossos Palace

It’s the best-preserved palace of the Minoan Civilization and home to the legend of King Minos, the Labyrinth, and the Minotaur, as well as the story of Daedalus and Icarus.

But the Minoans were more than just a collection of myths. They were a highly developed society, with advanced commercial routes in the Aegean and even established colonies. In the palace, you will be amazed at the urban planning skills of this civilization.

Guide To Where To Stay In Crete, Greece - Knossos Palace

Choose to visit early in the day or late in the afternoon to enjoy the place with fewer crowds and more pleasant temperatures since the island is sweltering from April until October .

When visiting Heraklion, you can stay in a city center hotel like Galaxy Iraklio Hotel.

Island of Delos – Near Mykonos

The sacred island of Delos is one of the most fascinating archaeological sites you can choose to visit in Greece . A visit to the site can make an excellent day trip if you’re spending your holidays on the island of Mykonos.

Delos is a small islet a few miles from Mykonos and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . According to Greek mythology , the island was where the god of light, Apollo, and his twin sister Artemis were born.

Archaeological Sites In Greece - The Roman ruins of Delos Greece -

A sacred place in ancient times, the most remarkable places to discover include the Agora, the Temple of Apollo, and the famous avenue of the lions. There’s also a small museum on the island with objects found in the place during the excavations.

Acrogiali Hotel, in the area of Platys Gialos and right on the beach, is a magnificent place to stay in Mykonos if you’re traveling with all the family.

The Sanctuary Of Delphi

Archaeological Sites In Greece - Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, Delphi, Greece

Another superb archaeological site to visit in Greece is the magnificent site of Delphi , which is among the most important and most visited sites in Greece. Delphi was ancient Greece’s most important oracle, dating back to the 8th century BC.

In the past, people from the rest of the Mediterranean basin would come to the oracle of Delphi seeking advice from the priestesses.

Check the Temple of Apollo, the Treasury of the Athenians, the Theatre, the Stadium, and the Gymnasium in this Greek archaeological site. Don’t forget to check out the museum right next to the sanctuary.

Although a visit to Delphi can be a great day trip from Athens, many travelers prefer to take it easy and spend some time in the area of Delphi. Nidimos Hotel is located less than a kilometer from the archaeological site and has unpaired vistas from the surrounding landscape.

Ancient Olympia Peloponnese, Ancient Greek Ruins Not To Be Missed

Ancient Sites In Greece - The Philippeion at Olympia in Greece

One of the most critical sanctuaries in ancient Greek times, devoted to worshiping the most important of all Greek gods, Zeus, Olympia is located in the heart of the Peloponnese and is one of the Greek sites loved by children.

Also, the Olympic Games would take place in Ancient Olympia. The games were first held during the 7th century BC, and they were organized to honor the great Greek gods . Known to have been the most remarkable sports competition, even wars and battles would come to a stop for the Olympic Games to take place.

When you visit, don’t miss the temples of Zeus and Hera , the workshop of sculptor Phidias, and the area where the sports and games took place. The Museum of Olympia is another fantastic visit to add to your itinerary.

In the heart of Ancient Olympia, ideal for families with kids, Hotel Hercules combines a friendly atmosphere and great-value accommodation . If you prefer to rent a villa and explore the Peloponnese , check out the fantastic facilities of Bacchus, a traditional stone mansion with beautiful views of the surrounding area, just 3 kilometers away from Ancient Olympia.

Ancient Epidaurus

SJ posing Ancient Stadium in Epidaurus - Greek Archaeological Sites In Greece

According to the myth, Epidaurus was where the god of healing, Asclepius, was born. Therefore, the area became an important healing center of antiquity. Also, in the area of Peloponnese , this religious center, which is vital for the sanctuary of Asclepius, is an important archaeological site in Greece that you can visit.

Essential festivals and festivities were held on the site to honor the god, especially in the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, which dates back to the 4th century BC. The construction is made of marble and stone and has stunning acoustics. Not far from Ancient Olympia, it’s a good idea to include both visits in your Peloponnese trip .

Check out the Amalia Olympia Hotel, which is a great location to visit Ancient Olympia and Epidaurus. Kids will love their fantastic swimming pool!

Akrotiri Excavations On Santorini

Recovered ancient buildings in prehistoric town of Akrotiri, one of the most important prehistoric settlements of the Aegean. An archaeological site of Akrotiri in Santorini, Greece

If you’re visiting Santorini this summer , don’t miss a trip to any of the island’s archaeological sites.

South of Santorini, you can discover the excavations of Akrotiri , one of the most important Aegean settlements that date back to the early Bronze Age. Kids are fascinated when visiting a site destroyed by the eruption of the Santorini volcano, which, however, helped preserve the ancient town of Akrotiri as the ashes of the eruption wrapped and preserved the site, which was discovered many years afterward.

Inside the site, it’s possible to observe the multi-storeyed houses with frescoes, the unique sewer system, stone streets (like the ones in the different settlements of modern Santorini), and endless storage vases and furniture.

On the island, it’s also possible to check Ancient Thera, a Dorian settlement located on top of the Mesa Vouno Mountain, in the central portion of the island. This ancient town is developed on a terraced territory and features antique buildings such as the Sanctuary of Artemis and the impressive Agora.

Staying in the Akrotiri area instead of choosing the overcrowded and more expensive Oia is a great idea to explore the lesser-known areas of Santorini , including Akrotiri. One of the best places to stay in the area is Kokkinos Villas, which has direct views of the famous Santorini caldera and the volcano.

To visit Ancient Thera, the location of Kamari is a great place to book accommodation. Check out the eco-friendly Boathouse Hotel, which is located right on the beach of Kamari and boasts an outdoor pool that kids really love!

Medieval Town Of Rhodes

The fantastic medieval city of Rhodes is a great place to explore, which kids genuinely enjoy. Here, the Order of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem left their traces on every angle of the island.

UNESCO declared the old Medieval town of the Knights of Rhodes a World Heritage site .

Kids enjoy the vistas of the most spectacular European castle, the cobbled streets, and the unique Gothic towers that populate the area.

Camelot Traditional and Classic Hotel is the perfect place to stay and surround yourself with the Medieval atmosphere of Rhodes. Located in the medieval town of Rhodes , the stone-built venue has a unique mosaic-tiled courtyard that the whole family can enjoy.

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Important ancient sites in greece that are easy to get to.

Meteora is not just an ancient site but a breathtaking landscape. The monasteries perched atop rock pillars are a sight to behold. It’s easily accessible by car or bus from Athens and offers a unique combination of natural beauty and historical monastic life that’s unlike anywhere else in the world.

Archaeological Site of Mycenae, Peloponnese

UNESCO World Heritage Sites In Greece -The Lion Gate in Mycenae, Greece

Mycenae, a key center of Greek civilization from the 15th to the 12th centuries BC, offers a rich history through its ruins, including the Lion Gate and the Royal Tombs. It’s relatively easy to reach from Athens by car or organized tours, making it a convenient day trip.

Situated in the heart of modern Athens, the Ancient Agora is not only easy to get to but also full of fascinating ruins and the well-preserved Temple of Hephaestus. It provides a glimpse into the civic, commercial, and social life of ancient Athens.

Archaeological Site of Philippi, Eastern Macedonia

Philippi is notable for its historical significance in ancient Macedonia and its role in early Christianity. It’s a bit farther afield but accessible by car or bus from Thessaloniki, offering insights into both Hellenistic and Christian periods through its ruins.

The Archaeological Site of Eleusis (Elefsina) – Located just 18 kilometers northwest of Athens, Eleusis is a site of immense ancient religious significance, known for the Eleusinian Mysteries. The site is easily accessible from Athens by public transport or car, and its fascinating history related to Demeter and Persephone is compelling for those interested in ancient myths and rites.

Recommended For History Buffs

For real history experts and well-traveled individuals looking for depth and unique insights into Greece’s ancient past, the following five sites offer profound historical significance and are a bit off the conventional path.

Archaeological Site of Aigai (Vergina)

The site of the ancient Macedonian kings’ royal palace and their tombs, including the tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great. Aigai is a UNESCO World Heritage site, offering a deep dive into Macedonian culture and history. Its discovery has significantly contributed to our understanding of ancient Macedonian civilization.

The Ancient City Of Corinth

Ancient Greek Cities - Ruins of temple in Corinth, Greece

Located near the Isthmus of Corinth, the ancient city was a major player in ancient Greek and Roman times. Its complex history, involving commerce, politics, and religion, plus the well-preserved ruins like the Temple of Apollo and the Acrocorinth, make it fascinating for those with a deep interest in ancient civilizations.

The Royal Tombs At Vergina

While part of the larger Aigai site, the Royal Tombs deserve a separate mention for their extraordinary archaeological value and the stunning finds, including the tomb of Philip II. The site provides unparalleled insight into Macedonian burial practices and royal wealth.

For those deeply interested in ancient religious practices, Eleusis offers a profound look at the Eleusinian Mysteries, one of the most secretive and significant religious rites of ancient Greece. The site’s artifacts and ruins, including the Telesterion hall, provide a tangible connection to ancient Greek spiritual life.

Pythagoreion And Heraion of Samos

An ancient fortified port with Greek and Roman monuments and the nearby Heraion, sanctuary of the goddess Hera, on the island of Samos. This UNESCO World Heritage site encapsulates the scientific, architectural, and religious advancements of the ancient Greek world.

FAQs Greek Archaeological Sites

What are the most important archaeological sites in greece.

Greece is home to numerous significant archaeological sites. Some of the most important ones include the Acropolis, Delphi, Olympia, Epidaurus, Mycenae, Delos, Knossos, Akrotiri, Dion, and Dodona.

What can I see at the Acropolis in Athens?

The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous archaeological site in Greece. Here, you can explore iconic ancient structures like the Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Nike, the Erechtheion, and the Propylaia.

What is there to see in Delphi?

Delphi, an important oracle of ancient Greece, offers various archaeological treasures. Visit the Temple of Apollo, the ancient theater, the Terrace of the Lions, and the Delphi Archaeological Museum.

Where can I find the birthplace of the Olympic Games?

Ancient Olympia in southern Greece is a significant sanctuary dedicated to Zeus and renowned as the birthplace of the Olympic Games. Explore the ancient stadium, the Temple of Zeus, and the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.

What makes Mycenae an important archaeological site?

Mycenae is one of the oldest ancient sites in Greece, showcasing the ruins of the Mycenaean civilization. Visit the famous Lion Gate, the beehive tombs, the royal tombs, and the Treasury of Atreus.

What can I discover at Knossos in Crete?

Knossos is the most important Minoan site, showcasing the ancient palace and urban planning of the Minoan civilization. Explore the ancient ruins, the frescoes, and the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion.

Are there any interesting archaeological sites in the Greek Islands?

Apart from Knossos, the Greek Islands offer many fascinating archaeological sites. Delos, a small islet near Mykonos , was a sacred and trade center and features notable monuments like the Temple of Apollo. Akrotiri in Santorini preserves an ancient Minoan settlement buried by a volcanic eruption.

What can I see in northern Greece?

Northern Greece is rich in history and features several important archaeological sites. Visit the city of Dion, an ancient Macedonian sanctuary, or explore the ancient ruins of Philippi and Vergina.

What are some other important archaeological sites in mainland Greece?

Aside from Athens, mainland Greece boasts many remarkable archaeological sites. Explore the ancient city of Corinth or visit Dodona with its oracle of Zeus and the impressive theater of Dodona.

What can I expect to find at Epidaurus?

Epidaurus is known as a religious center and healing sanctuary in ancient Greece. Don’t miss the ancient theater, famous for its remarkable acoustics, or explore the Sanctuary of Asklepios and the archaeological museum.

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Basics For Any Visit To These Ancient Sites In Greece

While exploring ancient sites in Greece, we suggest you keep these tips in mind;

Carry a small backpack containing water, sunscreen, a hat , and your camera. These four elements should always be with you when visiting Greek archaeological sites as they are generally in the open air, and there’s no way to be protected from the sun. Your skin will be thankful
Double on sun protection if you visit with kids
Choose comfy travel clothes , such as shorts and T-shirts (add a cover-up for your shoulders if you’re visiting a religious monument or a monastery). Choose light material that is breathable and allows freedom of movement
Remember to add a light sweater if you also visit museums. Some of them have rooms that have their temperature adjusted to preserve the pieces showcased better, and in some cases, temperatures can vary a lot from one room to the other within the same museum

So, there you have it, a complete guide to Greece’s top archaeological sites. Which famous archaeological site will you visit this summer?

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Wonderful archaeological sites attraction in Greece. Greece is the country that I dreaming to go because of this history and ancient structural. Hope someday I’ll go there. Thanks for sharing and keep it up.

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How to get away from it all in Greece

Discover gods, heroes, and less visited villages in the Peloponnese.

This 13th-century fortress castle guards Methoni, a historic port on Greece’s Peloponnese peninsula.

Whether your tastes skew toward Homer or Hollywood (think of those sparring Spartans in 300 ), you’ve likely encountered the Peloponnese , the peninsula at the southernmost tip of Greece that was the heart of ancient Hellenic culture. A mythic land where gods and heroes walked, the Peloponnese still evokes epic qualities fit for laurels and lyrical poems. With a beguiling mix of classical ruins, wild landscapes, and some of the best culinary treasures the country has to offer, it’s an attractive alternative to well-trod tourist routes around Athens and the Greek islands.

Separated from mainland Greece by the Corinth canal, the Peloponnese has for centuries been a crossroads of the eastern Mediterranean, its landscape littered with the remains of ancient civilizations and would-be conquerors. Temples to the Greek gods still stand, as do palaces built by the powerful Spartan and Mycenaean empires, and fortresses that testify to the waves of invaders—Ottoman, Frank, Venetian—who across the centuries have staked their claim to the peninsula. ( Discover underrated Mediterranean destinations to visit now. )

The modern-day hordes are thankfully kept at bay—the Peloponnese has largely been spared the overdevelopment of Greek tourist traps such as Mykonos and Santorini. The lovely Arcadia region, lush with cypress, poplar, and olive groves, bears traces of the virgin wilderness where nymphs, naiads, and the horned god Pan once frolicked. Spend a few days hiking the Lousios Gorge and you’re less likely to encounter tourists than monks cloistered in the area’s working monasteries, some of which date to the Middle Ages. (Speaking of olive groves, here’s another sun-soaked Greek island where you can eat like a god .)

The remote Mani region, at the southern end of the peninsula, has in recent years been made easily accessible to travelers. Famed for the ferocity of its inhabitants, the region maintains a rough, austere beauty. With its dramatic mountain passes and sheer cliffs plunging straight into the sea, the Mani holds much of the wild allure that seduced Paris and Helen of Troy. According to Homer, the star-crossed lovers spent the first night of their elopement here—before their ill-fated affair sparked the Trojan War.

Costa Navarino is an upscale resort development with activites that include boating, biking, hiking, and kitesurfing.

The Bourtzi tower in the Castle of Methoni once served as a prison.

The Lousios Gorge is a popular hiking spot on the peninsula.

History has a powerful hold on the Peloponnese, but part of the region’s appeal is the way that the past merges with the present. Visit the ancient site of Olympia and you can crouch in the same starting blocks as the athletes who raced in the first Olympic Games. Nemea , where Hercules performed his first labor by slaying the lion that was terrorizing the city, is at the heart of one of the most important wine regions driving the Greek wine renaissance today. ( Visit the all-marble stadium that hosted the first modern Olympics. )

In Epidaurus , the majestic fourth-century theater isn’t just a throwback to the days of Aeschylus and Euripides: it’s the focal point for one of the highlights of the Greek cultural calendar, an annual arts festival (May to October) during which thousands pack into the amphitheater for performances. Ringed by hills and hidden by forests, the ancient site was excavated little more than a century ago—a hint, perhaps, of other undiscovered treasures awaiting Peloponnesian travelers.

The hill town of Dhimitsana, in the Arcadia region of the Peloponnese, perches above the Lousios River.

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29 Travel and Travel Writing

Maria Pretzler is Lecturer in Ancient History at Swansea University.

Published: 18 September 2012
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Greek travellers tried to take their city with them: travel is typically conducted as a civic act, one justified and defined by one's tie to the city: trade, for example, or martial aggression, or colonization. This article discusses the range of travel experiences reflected in surviving literature. The study of ancient travel focuses on the process of travelling, on individual travellers' movements and their reactions to particular journeys and places. The evidence is therefore mainly literary, with valuable additions from epigraphic sources. The remains of sites that were particularly attractive to ancient travellers, depictions of their means of transport, shipwrecks, and traces of ancient roads can add further information. Greek travel literature had a strong influence on early modern geography and ethnography, and it still has an impact on how people understand the Greek world.

G reeks liked to think about their world by tracing colonists' movements from the old motherland to distant Mediterranean shores: they considered mobility as a crucial factor in defining what, and who, was essentially Greek. Myth and epic poetry set the scene by depicting an earlier age of travellers, be it the Achaeans on their overseas campaign against Troy and then on their tortuous journeys to return home, or adventurous heroes such as Heracles or Jason and the many founders of Greek cities everywhere. For us, the Odyssey in particular provides a wide range of responses to the experience of travelling overseas in the crucial period when Greek colonization began to shape the ancient Mediterranean as we know it. In Odysseus' tales we encounter a variety of travellers engaged in friendships, diplomacy, and marriage outside their own community, and many people risking adventures for gain through trade, piracy, war, or increased knowledge. Others were forced to leave their home, either displaced as slaves or seeking refuge after conflict. Odysseus, always longing to go home to Ithaca while experiencing both the benefits and the horrors of a long overseas journey, shows how the image of the traveller could be reconciled with that other crucial aspect of Greek identity, a close and lasting connection to one's polis. Many did, however, not return home: by the end of the archaic period we find hundreds of colonies, new poleis, around the coasts of the Mediterranean, and some Greeks sought opportunities well beyond the regions settled by colonists.

It is possible to document complex and dense connections between places and regions around the ancient Mediterranean and beyond (Horden and Purcell 2000 ), but most of the evidence for high levels of connectivity in the ancient world does not provide information about the actual process of travelling. The general and vague information derived from imported objects found on archaeological sites suggests the movements of people without offering much insight into the mode or direction of particular journeys. Nevertheless, the general observation that travel was not an exceptional activity in the ancient world should inform our approach to ancient texts dealing with travel experiences. The study of ancient travel focuses on the process of travelling, on individual travellers' movements and their reactions to particular journeys and places. The evidence is therefore mainly literary, with valuable additions from epigraphic sources. The remains of sites which were particularly attractive to ancient travellers, depictions of their means of transport, shipwrecks, and traces of ancient roads can add further information.

Much of what we know about ancient travel concerns the small, eloquent elite that generally dominated the ancient literary record. Throughout antiquity travel was a part of life for wealthy individuals who were involved in the affairs of their community. They were particularly active in maintaining contacts beyond their community, from the elaborate guest-friendships of the Homeric epics to embassies to the emperor in the Roman period. Throughout antiquity, members of the elite relied on widespread contacts which could include acquaintances who were not Greek. Travelling as we see it in most ancient texts was expensive, because eminent people travelled in grand style, with numerous attendants and considerable luggage (Casson 1994 : 176–8). Early Christian texts, particularly the Gospels, Acts, and some of St Paul's epistles, look beyond the small, wealthy elite and offer a different cultural perspective, but this valuable source-material has yet to be fully integrated with classical scholarship.

Information about the activities and routines of ancient travel has to be pieced together from disparate references in ancient texts, and the bulk of the evidence dates from the Roman period (Casson 1974 ; Camassa and Fasce 1991 ; André and Baslez 1993 ). The preferred mode of long-distance travel was by ship: not only was sea travel faster and more comfortable (e.g. Pliny, Epistles 10.17a; Casson 1974 : 67–8, 178–82), but few important Greek sites were located far from the sea. Journeys on land probably often meant walking, even for long distances, although wealthy travellers would use carriages. Mainland Greece at least had a dense road network suitable for vehicles which reached even remote, mountainous locations. Many of these roads date back to the archaic or early classical period and they were in use until the end of antiquity (Pikoulas 2007 ; Pritchett 1980 : 143–96). These practical aspects of ancient travel are rarely the focus of modern research, but they are crucial for our understanding of how ancient travellers interpreted their surroundings. The slow pace of ancient journeys facilitated intensive encounters with landscapes, sites, and local people, while ancient travellers were often less interested in the wider context of their location. Geographical overviews and accurate maps of large regions seem to have remained the domain of scholarly experts, while many travellers may have adopted a view which organizes the landscape along particular routes without paying much attention to a ‘global’ perspective (cf. the Peutinger Table and Pausanias, with Snodgrass 1987 : 81–6).

Trade, war, and the search for opportunities may have accounted for a majority of individual journeys in antiquity (Purcell 1996 ), but these activities are rarely at the centre of attention. Journeys made for the sake of travelling, usually for the spiritual and intellectual benefit of a particular individual, account for much of the information about travel experiences that can be found in ancient texts, and modern scholarship reflects this emphasis on what we might call ‘cultural travel’. Early Greek travellers were often engaged in new discoveries, encountering unknown regions and strange cultures. The exploration by Greeks of regions around the western Mediterranean and the Black Sea may be reflected in the epic tradition, particularly the Odyssey , although it came too early to leave credible traces in the literary record. Areas beyond the Mediterranean remained largely unknown well into the Hellenistic period. The Atlantic coasts of both Europe and Africa were occasionally visited by explorers who recorded their observations, for example Hanno and Pytheas of Massalia (Carpenter 1966 ). Egypt and the Middle East had always been more accessible to the Greeks, not least because there they encountered highly developed cultures that were much older than their own.

By the end of the archaic period Greeks had travelled widely and extended the boundaries of their known world: from Egypt they had reached the upper Nile Valley and brought news of regions further south, and, from the sixth century, knowledge about distant regions of the East as far as India could be obtained through good connections with the Persians. Herodotus criticizes the theories about the shape of the earth inferred from such information by the geographical theorists of sixth-century Ionia, but he also testifies to the usefulness of maps created in this period and he includes geographical information about distant regions in his own work (Herodotus 4.39, 5.49; Harrison 2007 ). Alexander's conquests in the East and the expansion of the Roman empire, especially in western Europe, provided the Greeks with opportunities to reach hitherto unknown regions and to obtain more detailed geographical information (Polybius 3.59; Clarke 1999 ). The edges of the earth, however, remained a matter of legends about unusual peoples and cultures and wondrous natural phenomena (Hartog 1988 : 12–33; Romm 1992 ). All surviving ancient explorers' tales have been subjected to intense scrutiny to match them to actual regions and cultures. Recent scholarly attention, however, has been focused on the particularly Greek perspective on alien cultures which often describes strange people in terms of stark contrasts with what was familiar to the writer and his audience. In fact, authors dealing with ‘barbarians’ often seem more concerned with exploring their own culture than with giving an accurate picture of a distant region and its people. (Hartog 1988 : 212–59).

Most ancient travellers stayed within the familiar confines of the Mediterranean, but there was plenty of scope for ‘cultural’ travel in the Greek world and among its immediate neighbours. Educated Greeks would embark on sightseeing tours to visit famous places, for example a number of historical sites in mainland Greece, including Athens, Olympia, Delphi, and perhaps Sparta, some of the cultural centres of Asia Minor such as Ephesus or Pergamon, and Ilium as the main location of the Trojan War. Egypt, with its spectacular ancient sites (Casson 1974 : 253–61), was also an attractive destination. These sightseeing activities are sometimes described as ancient tourism, but this term is rather misleading because it invites analogies with the seasonal mass movements of today. The Grand Tours of wealthy Europeans of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would be a more appropriate analogy (see Cohen 1992 ). Most visitors were particularly interested in ancient monuments with historical connections, artworks by famous artists, and sights that could be classified as curiosities. In most places with important historical monuments a visitor could employ professional tourist-guides to explain the sights, and wealthy travellers could apparently rely on members of the local elite to provide a tour appropriate for refined tastes and educated interests (as Plutarch does in his work On the Pythia's Prophecies ; and cf. Jones 2001 ).

In recent years ancient pilgrimage has attracted particular interest (Hunt 1984 ; Dillon 1997 ; Elsner 1997 ; Elsner and Rutherford 2005 : esp. 1–30). The applicability of this term to the activities of ancient travellers is contentious (Morinis 1992 : 1–28; Scullion 2005 : 121–30), but valuable interpretations of ancient texts have emerged from this line of enquiry. Throughout antiquity many sanctuaries saw large numbers of visitors, and some festivals could attract considerable crowds. Many people undertook such visits on their own initiative, but states also maintained regular official links with specific sanctuaries beyond their borders. The concept of pilgrimage invites new enquiries into the function and meaning of such journeys, especially as a means of defining identities and collective memories. Pilgrimage can also be a useful category in assessing ancient attitudes to historical sites. After all, the classical texts played a dominant role in the lives of educated Greeks and determined their approach to places that were in some way linked to the literary tradition. Historical sites, such as important battle-fields or places that played a crucial role in the Homeric epics, allowed visitors to explore localities with which they were intimately familiar from their reading since childhood, and which were part of a common Greek consciousness. Visits to such places could therefore have a profound effect which cannot easily be distinguished from a spiritual or religious experience (Hunt 1984 ). This approach to spiritual, cultural, and emotional aspects of pagan visits to significant places also allows a new evaluation of Christian pilgrimage in late antiquity (e.g. Egeria), by considering it in the context of earlier, pre-Christian traditions (Hunt 1982 ; Holum 1990 ).

Travelling was seen as an important source of knowledge and wisdom, and it was closely linked to the ideals of Greek culture and education ( paideia ) (Pretzler 2007 b ). A traveller could learn by seeing and experiencing different places and civilizations for himself, and he might gain access to information which was not available in Greece. The Greeks were aware that some civilizations were far more ancient than their own, and they assumed that in some countries, for example Egypt, Mesopotamia, or India, travellers might be able to acquire considerable knowledge, particularly about the remote past. There were many legends about the extensive journeys of famous sages such as Solon or Pythagoras, echoed by later traditions about the adventures of Apollonius of Tyana, or Dio Chrysostom's claims about his own wanderings while he was in exile (Hartog 2001 : 5, 90–1, 108–16, 199–209). In the Roman period, many aspiring young men from all over the Roman world travelled to acquire a Greek education: they would move to one of the leading cultural centres such as Pergamon, Athens, or Smyrna to study with a distinguished sophist. Prominent intellectuals could enhance their reputation by travelling to give lecture tours and to compete with their peers (Anderson 1993 : 2–30). Educated Greeks were therefore expected to be acquainted with famous cities and sites, and such personal knowledge influenced intellectual debates and texts. Experience gained through travelling became particularly important to enhance the credibility of arguments and reports. Authors often stress that they have personally seen places or witnessed events they are describing, and such claims of autopsia became a standard literary topos, particularly in historical and geographical works (e.g. Thucydides 1.1; Strabo 2.5.11; Polybius 3.4; Nenci 1953 ; Lanzillotta 1988 ; Jacob 1991 : 91–4).

While travelling and travel experiences play a crucial role in many ancient texts, there is no clearly defined genre of Greek travel literature. Modern examples of the genre often offer an insight into personal experiences on a journey, and they reflect reactions to strange landscapes, places, and people (Campbell 2002 ). Few ancient texts cover any of these aspects extensively, and a study of literary responses to travel experiences needs to include texts which touch upon the subject although they belong to different genres. There is no comprehensive modern study of Greek travel writing, and the re-evaluation of relevant texts as travel literature is a relatively recent phenomenon (e.g. Elsner 2001 ; Hutton 2005 ; Roy 2007 ); much work remains to be done in this field. As far as we can tell, the expectations of ancient readers of travel texts differed considerably from those of their modern counterparts. Few ancient writers provide a clear sense of the topography of a place, and they rarely attempt to create a comprehensive image of a location that would allow readers to visualize what the traveller has seen. In fact, ancient travel writers are usually very selective about what to report: particular features of a landscape are usually only mentioned if they represent a curiosity or if they are relevant to the author's aims, for example sporadic topographical details in a historian's account of a battle. Detailed descriptions of objects were the subject of rhetorical exercises ( ekphrasis ), and landscape descriptions play a particular role in pastoral poetry, but they rarely take up much space in ancient travel accounts (Bartsch 1989 : 7–10; Pretzler 2007 a : 57–63, 105–17).

Ancient travel writing (in the widest sense) can be roughly divided into two categories: on the one hand there are accounts of particular journeys, and on the other hard there are texts which present facts about places or cultures without discussing the process of travelling. The tradition of such ‘factual’ geographical texts was traced back to the ‘Catalogue of Ships’ in the Iliad (2.484–760; cf. 2.815–77), which provides a list of Greek cities and tribes in a roughly geographical order. The earliest geographical texts probably took the form of periploi (e.g. ps. -Scylax), essentially seafarers' logs describing coastlines with important places and landmarks, or stadiasmoi which listed paces and distances along overland routes (Giesinger 1937 ; Janni 1984 : 120–30). Hecataeus' Periodos Gēs developed this genre further by combining a periplous -style description of the world with a scientific discussion of the shape of the earth and the layout of the continents. Later geographers continued to rely on verbal descriptions of coastlines and regional topographies which were never fully superseded by maps (Janni 1984 : 15–19; Jacob 1991 : 35–63). As Strabo shows, geographical works could include information about the landscape, history, and culture of particular places. Texts dealing with particular regions, for example local histories (e.g. Atthidography, Arrian's Bithyniaca ), could go into more detail and would usually rely on an intimate knowledge of landscape, monuments, and local traditions.

Most descriptions of regions and sites were probably mainly interested in historical monuments, religious sites, and significant artworks, not unlike the ‘cultural’ travel-guides of today (Bischoff 1937 ; Hutton 2005 : 247–63). Only two such works survive, Lucian's On the Syrian Goddess , a description of the sanctuary of Atargatis in Hierapolis which is clearly not meant entirely seriously (Lightfoot 2003 ), and Pausanias' Periēgēsis Hellados , ten books describing the Peloponnese and a part of central Greece which represent the longest extant ancient travel text (Habicht 1985 ; Alcock, Elsner, and Cherry 2001 ; Hutton 2005 ; Pretzler 2007 a ). Pausanias, a Greek from Asia Minor carried out extensive research between about 160 and 180 ce , but he rarely refers to his own travel experiences, probably in order to maintain his credibility as an objective observer. Pausanias shows little interest in the life of contemporary communities or the natural landscape. Instead, he focuses on sites with a historical or religious significance, and he provides detailed information about the symbolic and cultural interpretations that Greeks could attach to the landscape. The Periēgēsis follows a long ethnographic tradition, and particularly Herodotus, but instead of reflecting on his own identity by contrasting it with the strange customs of barbarians, Pausanias applies his observations to the heartlands of the Greek world, and he presents an intensive study of the history and state of Greek culture in his own time. A fragment of an early Hellenistic description of Greece by Heraclides Criticus offers a very different view of the landscape of Attica and Boeotia (Pfister 1951 ; Arenz 2006 ). He adopts an often humorous and somewhat flippant tone to comment on the customs and character of contemporary people and on general conditions for a traveller. Heraclides also records his impressions of the landscape and the general appearance of the cities on his route: his approach to the landscape remains unique among the preserved ancient Greek travel texts.

It seems that authors who described places without discussing a particular journey found it easier to assert their credibility. Accounts of individual journeys had a long tradition, but such stories rarely allowed clear distinctions between fact and fiction. Heated discussions about the veracity of tales about distant regions show that ancient readers were aware of this problem, but their conclusions about particular texts often do not agree with modern opinions (e.g. Strabo 1.2.2–19; Romm 1992 : 184–93; Prontera 1993 ). Fictional travel accounts should therefore be included in any study of ancient travel literature because they add to the range of possible literary responses to travel experiences, even if they may not provide factual information about ‘real’ places or journeys. Greek travel writing begins with a fictional tale, namely the Odyssey , with its stories about monsters and incredible events (Jacob 1991 : 24–30; Hartog 2001 ). What is more, its main narrator, Odysseus, is clearly an unreliable reporter who tells untrue stories (‘Cretan tales’) about himself and his adventures, and the epic demonstrates how a traveller can construct false tales which will stand up to scrutiny. Odysseus therefore was a hard act to follow: in his wake no traveller reporting adventures in distant lands could be without suspicion, and many did indeed feel free to add fantastic details to their accounts. The earliest explorers' accounts usually took the form of a periplous which would include some details about specific adventures and discoveries (e.g. Hanno, Pytheas of Massalia). In the Roman period, Arrian revisited the genre and demonstrated its potential complexities: he reports his activities as governor of Cappadocia in a Periplous of the Black Sea , which also allows him to explore his own position as a Greek with multiple identities (Stadter 1980 : 32–41; Hutton 2005 : 266–71; Pretzler 2007 b : 135–6).

Few ancient travel accounts deal with emotional responses to a journey or the transforming impact of the experience on an individual's character, knowledge, or spiritual state. Aristides' Sacred Tales are unique in presenting the authors' personal perspective on his activities, including many journeys, in the pursuit of health and a special relationship with Asclepius (Behr 1968 : 116–28). Most texts dealing with such personal experiences are fictional, and can take the form of extensive accounts, for examples a trip to India in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius , or the Greek novels that usually send their main characters on convoluted journeys before they can settle down to live happily ever after (Morgan 2007 ; Rohde 1960 : 178–310). Some travel authors make no attempt to disguise the fact that their stories are invented, and this can lead to fresh perspectives on the experience of travel. For example, Apuleius' Golden Ass (cf. Lucian, Ass ) takes the opportunity to consider a journey from the point of view of a beast of burden, and it describes a spiritual transformation which turns the main character into a devout follower of Isis. The story also provides a rare chance to observe various travellers who are not members of the elite (Schlam 1992 ; Millar 1981 ). Lucian's fantastic stories ( Lovers of Lies, True Histories ) and other examples of ancient fiction can be seen as a humorous exploration of the many devices employed by travel writers to make their accounts believable (Ní Mheallaigh 2008 ).

Travel accounts could recover some credibility in the context of historiography: after all, Herodotus' Enquiries ( Historiai ) involved extensive travelling around the eastern Mediterranean, and autopsy remained crucial to enhance a historian's authority. Some journeys were themselves historical events, for example long military campaigns, and they inspired a new kind of travel account which owed much to historiography but could also follow some of the conventions of ancient adventurers' tales. Xenophon's Anabasis is the most extensive personal account of a specific journey that survives from antiquity, although the author never admits that he is in fact one of the main characters in the story. Xenophon includes specific information about distances, topography, flora, fauna, and local people, and he gives the impression that decades after the events he can draw on detailed memories, perhaps even a travelogue (Cawkwell 2004 ; Roy 2007 ). His perspective, however, is not that of an explorer whose main aim it is to describe a foreign region, but that of a historian who includes details about landscape and people when they are relevant to the events described. Alexander's conquests inspired a number of participants to write accounts which probably took the form of historical accounts in the mould of Xenophon's Anabasis (Pearson 1960 ). In the East, Alexander's military operations turned into a journey of exploration, and his scientific staff gathered reliable, factual information about areas which had hitherto been almost unknown to the Greeks (Strabo 1.2.1; 2.1.6). Well-founded knowledge could, however, be superseded by fantasy: if Strabo (2.1.9) is anything to go by, realistic reports about India did not have a lasting impact and were soon replaced by the old traditions about an exotic land full of strange wonders (Seel 1961 ; Romm 1992 : 94–109). Alexander's campaign became itself the subject of the Alexander Romance , which reinterpreted historical events in the tradition of myths and fictional adventure stories: in ancient travel writing, imagination could sometimes be stronger than reality.

Like Odysseus, Greek travellers are often unreliable witnesses of places and events they have seen, but their tales offer great insights into ancient perceptions of the world. Greek travel literature had a strong influence on early modern geography and ethnography, and it still has an impact on how we understand the Greek world. Since the Renaissance, western travellers who set out to discover the eastern Mediterranean relied on ancient texts to guide them to classical sites and to help them interpret the historical landscape. They also drew on similarities between the reactions of travellers in the Roman period and their own feelings about ancient sites and the loss of Greek culture. Ultimately, our understanding of antiquity owes much to ancient travellers who contributed their observations and interpretations to the definition of Greek culture and identity. The reception of ancient travel literature, especially of major texts such as Strabo or Pausanias, deserves attention, not least in the context of the development of our own disciplines, namely Classics, Ancient History, and Classical Archaeology.

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Greece had limited food supplies due to the rocky and mountainous landscape. To make up for this, the Greeks produced goods to trade for food from other areas around the Mediterranean. The bulk of this food was transported by boat. For example, it is estimated that Athens imported over three-fourths of its grain at the height of its population.

Although water transportation was a great asset to the ancient Greeks, it was not without dangers. Pirating was common, especially around Delous, until the fifth century when Athens began to patrol the seas with its large navy. Even though the Mediterranean Sea was calm compared to the oceans, terrible storms were another hazard that endangered the ships and their crews. One example of a treacherous voyage was when Alexander the Great sent an expedition of 1000 ships to the Indian Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea. The crews suffered terrible seasickness, and they were exhausted from the long voyage.

Typically, ships sailed during the day and anchored at night. They would sail in sight of land and found harbors or inlets to anchor for the night. Lighthouses were established to guide ships to safe waters.

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16 Of The Best Archaeological Sites In Greece

A guide to the best archaeological sites in Greece. It includes the Acropolis, the Ancient Agora, Delphi, Olympia, Mycenae, Epidaurus, Ancient Delos, Ancient Akrotiri, and more!

The archaeological treasures of Ancient Greece

Greece is world famous for its ancient past. Many visitors come to Greece to learn more about the ancient Greek civilization, and to admire the wonderful ancient sites.

Theatre of Herodus Atticus in Athens Greece

However, choosing which archaeological sites to visit isn’t all that straightforward. There are over 500 (!) major and minor archaeological sites in Greece, many of which have on-site museums.

This article lists some of the most important archaeological sites in Greece. You will find out why they are so important, what you will see, where they are, and how to visit.

1. The Acropolis of Athens

The Acropolis of Athens is the most important archaeological site in Greece. It was built in the 5th century BC, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The word “Acropolis” means “the highest point of the city”. Indeed, the Acropolis is an ancient citadel perched on top of a hill right in the center of Athens. As such, it offers stunning views of the Greek capital, including the theatre of Dionysus and the theatre of Herodes Atticus.

The Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens Greece

The Acropolis is not just one building, but a complex of several ancient temples, and was an important religious center for Ancient Athenians. The most famous temples on the Acropolis Hill are the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike.

How to visit the Acropolis of Athens

Most people visit the Acropolis with the convenient combined ticket , which offers access to seven ancient sites in Athens. A single-entry ticket to the Acropolis costs 20 euro from April to October, and 10 euro in the off-season months.

I recommend taking a guided tour of the Acropolis , which will help you understand more about life in Ancient Athens. I’ve taken guided tours a few times in the last decade and each time I learn some new things!

If you are visiting in summer, it’s best to get your tickets in advance, and to avoid the hottest hours of the day. Wear non-slippery shoes, bring some water and a hat, and check out these other tips for staying cool in the summer in Athens .

The Acropolis is open from 8.00-20.00 in summer, and 8.00-17.00 in winter. The exact opening hours vary during the shoulder months. For more information, have a look at the official Acropolis website .

2. The Ancient Agora of Athens

The Ancient Agora of Athens was the civic, social and cultural center of ancient Athens during the classical era. It was used as a marketplace and meeting point, where Athenian citizens gathered to discuss political and social issues.

Today, the Ancient Agora is a vast green area which is full of ancient ruins and statues. The highlight is the imposing temple of Hephaestus, the best preserved ancient temple in Greece.

There is also a brilliant archaeological museum explaining aspects of life in ancient Athens, housed in the reconstructed Stoa of Attalos. Here is a full guide to the Ancient Agora of Athens .

How to visit the Ancient Agora of Athens

Most people will visit the Agora on the combined ticket for the ancient sites in Athens . Otherwise, a single entry ticket costs 10 euro from April to October, and 5 euro during the winter months.

Allow at least a couple of hours if you want to read all the information in the museum. In my opinion, this is one of the most underrated museums in Athens.

There’s also a guided tour of the Ancient Agora that you can take. In my opinion, it’s totally worth it as there’s tons realto learn about life in the ancient city of Athens.

The Agora is open from 8.00-20.00 in summer, and 8.00-17.00 in winter. Have a look at the official Ancient Agora website for updated information.

3. The Temple of Poseidon at Sounion

One of the most photographed ancient Greek temples is the temple of Poseidon, which was built in the 5th century BC. It is located at Cape Sounion, about 70 kms out of central Athens, and stands majestically on a rocky hilltop, offering stunning views of the Aegean Sea.

The area of Sounion, which lies at the southernmost point of the Attica peninsula, was a key point for Ancient Athens. Its strategic location made it an ideal point to monitor ships sailing through the Saronic Gulf. In addition, it was close to the Ancient Lavrion silver mines, an important source of income for the Athenian state.

Here is my full guide to the majestic temple of Poseidon .

How to visit the Temple of Poseidon

The easiest way to visit the Temple of Poseidon is on a half-day tour from Athens . Alternatively, you can also rent a car and drive there yourself. Relying on public buses can be tricky, especially if you are on a tight schedule.

The sunsets here are spectacular. I recommend arriving an hour or two before sunset, and spending some time just looking at the Aegean Sea!

For more information on opening hours and tickets, check the official Temple of Poseidon website .

4. Archaeological Site and Museum of Ancient Delphi

Ancient Delphi is another UNESCO World Heritage Site in Greece. It is located in the area of Fokida in mainland Greece, on the side of mount Parnassus, roughly a three-hour trip out of Athens.

Originally, the Sanctuary of Delphi was a place of worship of Mother Earth. Later, it became a cult place for God Apollo, and home to the Oracle of Delphi and the priestess Pythia. Its importance was so great, that it was considered to be the centre of the ancient world.

Ancient Delphi is one of the top ancient sites in Greece

Today, you can see the remains of various ancient buildings, most notably the temples of Apollo and Athena. There are many more ancient relics, such as the remains of an ancient theatre and a large stadium at the top of the hill. The landscape is truly majestic, and adds to the special energy of the site.

Here is my guide to Ancient Delphi . Also, have a look at this article about the inspirational Delphic Maxims , which were found inscribed all around the site.

How to visit Ancient Delphi

You can visit Ancient Delphi and the superb museum on a day trip from Athens. You can either take a public bus , hire a car , or take an organized guided tour .

In summer, the site is open from 8.00 to 20.00. Always check their website for more details on opening hours, admission prices, days with free entrance etc. If you decide to visit independently, allow at least three to four hours for your visit.

Tip: Do not skip the ancient stadium! It’s located at the highest point of the site, and it’s totally worth the climb, as it offers the best views of Mt Parnassus and the wider area of Delphi.

5. Ancient site and museum of Mycenae

Ancient Mycenae is one of the top archaeological sites in Greece. It is located in the region of the Peloponnese, about two hours south-west of Athens.

This is the area where a powerful ancient Greek civilization, known as the Mycenaean civilization, emerged during the Bronze Age, in the early 2nd millennium BC. This culture reached its peak between 1,350 and 1,200 BC.

The citadel of Ancient Mycenae was enclosed within thick fortified walls. The settlement behind these walls, consisted of several buildings, including the Mycenaean King’s palace and the outstanding Mycenaean tombs.

The entrance to the settement, which is the landmark of Ancient Mycenae, is known as the Lion Gate. It dates from 1,250 BC, almost a millennium before the Acropolis of Athens was built!

For more information, have a look at my guide to Ancient Mycenae .

How to visit Ancient Mycenae

You can easily visit Ancient Mycenae on a day trip from Athens. You can use the public buses, but hiring a car is probably easier as you will have more freedom.

Many people prefer to visit Ancient Mycenae on an organized tour which also includes the ancient site of Epidaurus and the historic town of Nafplion. This is a great idea as you can see three of the highlights of the Peloponnese in just one day.

If you visit independently, check the official Ancient Mycenae website for more information on opening hours and admission tickets.

6. Ancient site and theatre of Epidaurus

Ancient Epidaurus is one of the most important ancient sites in Greece, and one of my own favourites. It is located two hours away from Athens, and just a half-hour’s drive from Ancient Mycenae.

The site is best known for the theatre of Epidaurus, with its incredible acoustics. However, it was a lot more than this. It was an important religious sanctuary, dedicated to the Greek god of medicine and healing, Asclepius / Asklepios.

The sanctuary was known as Asklepieion, a healing centre where people came to be treated by the powerful god. The Theatre was built in order to accommodate musical performances, which were held to honour Asklepios.

Here is my guide to Ancient Epidaurus .

How to visit Ancient Epidaurus

The easiest way to visit Ancient Epidaurus is to take an organized day trip from Athens . You can also visit on your own, either by rental car or on the public buses.

You should know that the ancient theater is also used for performances every summer. Seeing a show at the grounds of the ancient sanctuary is a fantastic experience, and you should absolutely go for it if you get the chance.

For more information on visits, opening hours etc, check out the official Ancient Epidaurus website .

7. Archaeological site and museum of Olympia

Ancient Olympia is another UNESCO World Heritage site in Greece. It’s located in the western Peloponnese, just under 4 hours away from Athens.

This sacred site has been associated with the Ancient Olympic Games since 776 BC, when they were established. They took place to honour Zeus, the King of the Gods, and they were the most important celebration in Ancient Greece.

Many of the temples and other buildings in Olympia have not survived – but the excellent museums make up for it. Here are my guides to Ancient Olympia in Greece and the origins of the Olympic Games .

How to visit Ancient Olympia

It is possible to visit ancient Olympia on a day trip from Athens, though it will be a rather long day. Before you plan your visit, check the official Ancient Olympia website for opening hours and other information.

My suggestion is to hire a car and go on a mini road trip. There are tons of places worth visiting in the Peloponnese, including the coastal towns of Nafplio, Gythio and Kalamata . You will also find plenty of beach towns and resorts where you could spend a few days.

8. The Acropolis of Lindos in Rhodes

The Acropolis of Lindos is an imposing ancient citadel, located on the east coast of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese group of islands. It is one of the most visited ancient sites in Greece.

Lindos town dates back to the 11th century BC. In the 9th century BC, a temple was built to honor the patron goddess, Athena Lindia. Later, the site was taken over by numerous invaders, including the Knights of St. John, who also built the monumental palace in Rhodes Town.

The Acropolis of Lindos in Rhodes Greece

Today, visitors can see what has remained of the temple of Athena, and the ruins of the city walls that were built around the citadel. There are also some byzantine churches and an ancient theatre. Lindos town, at the foot of the hill, is a quaint little town that is worth exploring for a couple of hours.

How to get to Lindos

You can easily get to Lindos from Rhodes town by bus, taxi or rental car. There are also all sorts of organized bus tours .

Or you could even opt for a boat trip from Rhodes Town to Lindos and travel in style!

Have a look at this detailed guide on how to get around Rhodes .

It’s important to know that Lindos is a citadel, and is on top of a hill. To reach the top, you have to climb a few flights of stairs going through the quaint Lindos town. Some people prefer to ride a donkey to the top, but please refrain from doing that.

For some more information, have a look at the official website: Acropolis of Lindos .

9. Ancient Delos Archaeological Site and Museum

Ancient Delos is an magnificent UNESCO site which covers a whole island. It is located very close to the famous Mykonos , in the Cyclades.

According to Greek mythology, two of the Olympian Gods, Apollo and his twin sister Artemis, were born on Delos. As a result, the island was of major religious and spiritual significance to the Ancient Greeks, who came from far and wide to pay their tributes.

In the 2nd century BC, Delos was declared a free port. Soon, it became the world’s most important commercial hub. Traders, merchants and bankers moved there from faraway lands, and the island became very multicultural.

Even though the official language was Greek, there was no official religion, as people coming from other cultures were free to worship their own gods. Sadly, the golden days of Delos didn’t last long, as it was attacked twice by foreign enemies only a century later, and was subsequently abandoned.

Here’s a longer guide about Ancient Delos . In my opinion, it’s one of the most interesting archaeological sites in Greece.

How to visit Ancient Delos

Today, you can visit Ancient Delos on a little boat, as a half-day trip from Mykonos. As this is a popular site, it’s best to pre-book a guided tour , which includes the boat tickets from Mykonos to Delos and back.

There are also some sailing tours from Mykonos that also include a stop at Rhenia , another deserted island.

Note that the island is closed over the winter period, so you can only visit from April to October. Unless you are one of the few archaeologists who work there, overnight stays are strictly prohibited. You can find more information about opening hours etc on the official website .

Related guide: Where is Mykonos

10. The Archaeological site of Akrotiri in Santorini

Ancient Akrotiri is located on the famous island of Santorini, in the Cyclades islands. It is a prehistoric settlement dating from the 4th millennium BC, and was once one of the most important ports in the Aegean.

Unfortunately, a series of earthquakes and a volcano eruption in the 17th century BC, brought the sudden end of the ancient settlement. This might be what inspired the legend of the Ancient Atlantis!

The archaeological site of Akrotiri in Santorini

Miraculously, many buildings, tools and artefacts survived under the lava and the ashes, and have helped archaeologists understand the level of development of the ancient civilization.

How to visit the Ancient city of Akrotiri

You can easily visit Akrotiri on your own, either by public bus or your own transportation. Or, if you want to find out more about this iconic archaeological site, you can take a guided tour of Akrotiri .

Tip: You’ll be happy to know that a roof canopy fully protects the ancient site, so you won’t have to deal with the scorching summer sun!

Check the official website for more information and opening hours.

11. The Catacombs in Milos

If you visit the beautiful island of Milos , make sure you visit the Catacombs. They are the biggest known catacombs in Greece, with a length of 184 meters.

The Milos catacombs were built in the 1st century AD, in order to be used as a Christian cemetery. They were abandoned in the 5th-6th century AD, due to earthquakes and landslides. Around 8,000 Christians are estimated to have been buried here.

How to visit the Milos Catacombs

The Milos Catacombs are located close to Plaka , the main town of the island. You can get there on the public bus, or your own rental vehicle.

You can only enter the catacombs with a site guide, and you will have roughly 15 minutes inside the site itself. For more information, read the official website .

12. The Minoan Palace of Knossos in Crete

The Palace of Knossos is the best known archaeological site in Crete. It is located close to Heraklion, the biggest city in Crete.

The archaeological site of Knossos in Crete

The area of Knossos was continuously inhabited from around 7,000 BC to the 5th century AD. It reached its peak during the times of the Minoan civilization which developed in Crete from 2,000 to 1,500 BC. The town became an important and wealthy commerce centre.

The Knossos Palace is said to be the palace of the legendary King Minos. It was first built around 1,900 BC, but was later destroyed and rebuilt a couple of times. Apart from the famous palaces, the site was also home to rich tombs, several workshops and several other buildings.

The site was excavated and extensively reconstructed in the 20th century. The items that were excavated, including the exquisite frescoes, figurines, other artwork and everyday items, are on display in the excellent Heraklion Museum.

Inside the Archaeological Museum in Heraklion Crete

How to visit the Palace of Knossos

The Palace of Knossos is a short bus ride / taxi ride from the city of Heraklion, or you can drive there in a rental car. Guided tours are also available.

Opening hours in summer are 8.00-20.00. To avoid some of the crowds, try to visit first thing in the morning, or in the evening. Visit the official site for more information.

Tip: Crete is one of the hottest Greek islands to visit in October . As Knossos is really popular, October is a great month to go, as there will be fewer visitors.

13. Archaeological site of Phaistos in Crete

While many visitors go to Knossos, not as many make it all the way to Phaistos in south Crete. I find this site amazing for many reasons, which includes the incredible views of the Cretan landscape!

Phaistos was the second most important Minoan city after Knossos, and its history follows a similar timeline. It continued to be wealthy until the 2nd century BC, when it was destroyed by the nearby city of Gortyna.

The site is really well preserved. It makes you wonder whether there are some restorations which are not so obvious to the untrained eye!

How to get to Phaistos

There are frequent public buses from Heraklion to Phaistos in summer, and less frequent in winter. If you hire a car , it will take you about an hour and a half to drive from Heraklion to Phaistos.

For information on opening hours, visit the official website .

14. Archaeological site of Gortyna in Crete

Close to the site of Phaistos, you can visit the archaeological site of Gortyna. The first inhabitants arrived here around 3,000 BC.

The city became more prosperous from the late Minoan period onward. It was already wealthy during the 5th century BC, when the Gortyn Law Code was written. Gortyn reached its peak during the Roman era, and was destroyed by the Arabs much later, in 824 AD.

How to get to Gortyna

You can use the public buses to get from Heraklion to Ancient Gortyn. Or you can hire a car , and combine it with a visit to Phaistos and more places in Crete. Check the official website for more information.

15. Fortified islet of Spinalonga in Crete

The small island of Spinalonga is located to the east side of Crete, close to the popular Elounda, and just over an hour’s drive from Heraklion. You can visit the well preserved Venetian castle, that was built in 1579. This is the only site in this list that does not date from the ancient times.

One of the main attractions of Spinalonga is its sad recent history. At the beginning of the 20th century, the island was chosen to be a place of exile for the lepers of Crete. Soon, lepers from all around Greece and abroad were forcibly quarantined here.

Initially, living conditions were very poor, but due to the efforts of some of the residents they gradually became better. The island was closed down in 1957, after the remedy for Hansen’s disease was discovered.

Victoria Hislop’s book “The island” describes life on Spinalonga, and a popular TV series has also been created. It’s worth reading the book or watching the series before you visit, as it will help bring the island to life.

How to visit Spinalonga

A fun and top-rated way to visit Spinalonga is this organized tour , which also includes a 4WD road trip and some olive oil tasting.

You can also visit Spinalonga independently. You will need to reach the small port of Plaka, just across the strait, from where you can hop on a small boat that will take you to the island.

Here is the official website , with all the information you need on Spinalonga.

16. The UNESCO Archaeological Site of Aigai (Vergina)

The archaeological site of Aigai, or Vergina, is located in Northern Greece, in the region called Macedonia. The site is an important archaeological area, where the tombs of many kings of the ancient Kingdom of Macedon have been unearthed.

The on-site museum is perhaps the most atmospheric museum in Greece. It is a subterranean structure which was built around the royal tombs, in order to protect them. Visitors can see various objects used when the deceased were buried. Photography is not allowed inside this area.

In December 2022, the new museum of Aigai, which is a short drive away, also opened to the public. Here, visitors can see more artefacts discovered in the area of Vergina, including items of pottery, various tools, and intricate golden jewelry.

How to get to Vergina

Many people choose to visit the site in Vergina on an organized day trip from Thessaloniki . If you want to be more independent, and explore other sites in the area, you can always use a rental car. There are also public buses from Athens you can take.

Here is some more info: Archaeological Site of Aigai (Vergina) / Museum of the Royal Tombs

More ancient sites in Greece

These are only a handful of the most famous archeological sites in Greece. But there are many, many more that are worth visiting! You will find that it’s impossible to visit them all in one trip! Here are some more sites to visit in Greece:

If you are a fan of archaeology, you should definitely aim to spend a few days in Athens. Apart from the world-famous Acropolis and the Agora, there are five more archaeological sites in central Athens, which you can visit with the Athens combined ticket :

Temple of Zeus
Kerameikos Ancient Cemetery
Roman Agora
Hadrian’s library
Archaeological site of the Lyceum of Aristotle

If you prefer to visit Ancient Athens for free, you can look for the days of free entrance for the sites in Greece , or follow my free Ancient Athens walking route .

Here is a cool story explaining how Athens got its name !

The Peloponnese

Peloponnese is probably the area with the most archaeological sites in Greece. Places like Mycenae, Olympia and Corinth might have figured in your history books – but there are plenty more to visit.

Apart from ancient history, Peloponnese has lots to offer – Byzantine settlements, lovely beaches and dramatic landscapes. Here are some important sites, some of which also have a museum:

UNESCO World Heritage Site of Mystras – also, have a look at this article about Euphoria Retreat
Ancient Messene
Ancient Corinth
Archaeological Site of Nemea and Nemea Stadium
Temple of Apollo Epikourios
Castle of Pylos
Palace of Nestor
Castle of Kalamata
Castle of Methoni
Rio Fortress

I strongly recommend renting a car and driving around the Peloponnese, in order to visit as many sites as you can!

Many settlements, palaces, tombs and cemeteries have been discovered on the island. You will need several days, and a rental car, to visit them all. Who knows, you might even decide to return to Crete for another vacation!

Here are some more famous sites in Crete, beyond Knossos and Phaistos:

Palace of Zakros
Malia palace
Cave of Psychro – Diktaion Antron
Roman cemetery at Matala

While Ancient Lindos is very popular, the main attraction in Rhodes island is the medieval city of Rhodes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

But there are more archaeological sites on the island that are worth visiting:

Palace of the Grand Master
Acropolis of Rhodes
Acropolis of Ialyssos
Archaeological site of Filerimos
Archaeological Site of Kamiros

Just make sure you leave some free time to visit some of the lovely beaches in Rhodes !

Here are all the ways you can get around Rhodes .

Northern Greece

It’s fair to say that most tourists don’t have the chance to visit Northern Greece. Which is a shame, as there are numerous sites to visit. As you are moving towards the north, the landscape changes, and so do the sites, settlements and ancient civilizations.

The tombs of Vergina and the ancient sacred city of Dion are among the best examples of the Macedonian civilization. Combine that with the Roman and Byzantine monuments in Thessaloniki , and Northern Greece might become your new favourite Greek destination!

The Rotonda is one of the best sites in Thessaloniki

Here are a few of the monuments and sites in Northern Greece:

The majestic Meteora Monasteries , a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Ancient Pella
Ancient Philippi
The Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments in Thessaloniki, such as the Rotonda
Ancient Dion
Nekromanteion of Acheron
Ancient Nikopolis
Castle of Platamonas
Cave of Petralona

Ticket prices and opening hours for the archaeological sites in Greece

Most people visit Greece during the summer season, from April to October. Summer opening hours for the top archaeological sites in Greece are typically 8:00-20:00. The smaller sites have shorter opening hours, usually around 8:30-15:30, but this may vary from one year to the next.

Winter stretches over the off-peak months, November to March. During that period, the majority of the ancient sites open around 8:30 and close somewhere between 15:30 and 17:00. Some of the minor sites may be entirely closed in winter. This includes the site of Ancient Delos .

The best place to look for updated information for each site that you want to visit is the official Ministry of Culture Website . Here you can also find out more about entry ticket prices, free entrance days, closures on public holidays and any discounts. Despite the dated appearance, it’s updated regularly.

Also, take a look at this article with Greek celebrations and national holidays . On some of those days, ancient sites are closed, but on others they offer free entrance!

A few tips for visiting the ancient sites in Greece

Before you set off to explore the ancient sites in Greece, here are a few tips:

Wear comfortable, non-slippery walking shoes – I cannot stress this enough! Reaching most of the sites involves climbing a lot of stairs, or climbing on hilly and uneven terrain. Personally, I think Teva sandals are the best shoes for Greece .
Bring loose, comfortable clothes suitable for the season. If you are visiting in summer, carry a light jacket as well, as some of the on-site museums may have a low temperature. Here’s my guide on what to pack for Greece for every season .
If you are visiting in summer, avoid the warmest hours of the day (11:00-17:00). Make sure you have sunscreen, sunglasses, a hat, and plenty of water with you.
Buy your tickets in advance, especially for the popular sites like the Acropolis, Knossos, Lindos, Delos, or Delphi. Or even better, get a guided tour!
If you decide to drive, have a look at this article about driving in Greece .

FAQs about ancient sites in Greece

People visiting Greece often ask questions like these:

What are the best ruins in Greece?

Some of the best ancient sites in Greece include the Acropolis of Athens, Ancient Delphi, the theater of Epidaurus, Ancient Olympia, Mycenae, the Palace of Knossos, and Ancient Delos.

Which Greek island has most ruins?

Crete, which is the largest island in Greece, has the most ruins. You can visit Knossos, Phaistos, Gortyna, Aptera, Zakros, Malia, and many more.

Where in Greece has the best history?

Some of the best places in Greece for history include Athens, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Cyclades and Northern Greece. In fact, everywhere in Greece is full of history!

How many archaeological sites are in Greece?

There are well over 500 ancient and historical sites scattered all around Greece.

Is Acropolis and Parthenon the same thing?

No, the Acropolis and the Parthenon are not the same thing. The Acropolis is a whole ancient citadel, located on a hill in Athens. The Parthenon is a majestic temple built at the top of the Acropolis, to honor the Greek goddess Athena.

Since you are here, have a look at this article with a few useful words and phrases in Greek .

Wandering Poets in Ancient Greek Culture: Travel, Locality and Pan-Hellenism

Roosevelt rocha , federal university of paraná, brazil. [email protected].

Table of Contents

In Ancient times, it was very common that poets and performers were great travellers. This is a theme still overlooked, according to Richard Hunter and Ian Rutherford, the editors of the book under review here. It is a collection of papers formerly presented in April 2005, in a colloquium at the University of Cambridge in which the main questions were why poets travelled and how the skills of these outsiders were used by the local communities for their own purposes. In the Introduction, Hunter and Rutherford present the volume, asserting that “travel and wandering are persistent elements in both the reality and imaginaire of Greek poetry, and intellectual and cultural life more generally, from the earliest days” (p. 1). Orpheus was the first wandering poet and even a professional of the word like Empedocles of Acragas is a good example of the truth of this statement. But not only the poet could be a traveller. The public also could make a journey by attending or reading a text. And even more, a poem could travel and spread the fame of both poet and patron. Names like Theognis and Pindar are examples of that. And there’s still another possibility of travel in the act of composing or enacting a poem. This also can be seen as a kind of journey and the Argonautica , by Apollonius Rhodius, must be cited in this context.

It was very common that poets and performers travelled to receive honors like the proxenia but also to get payment, like the epinician composers and the Artists of Dionysus. This kind of activity continued into Hellenistic times and even into the Roman period, as the example of Archias, the poet defended by Cicero, shows. So, there were a munber of motivations that led to poetic mobility. Another one was the desire to receive commissions for celebrating the antiquities ( patria ), buildings and local worthies of particular towns. Thus the most common forms of performance were the encomia of the host city and its traditions.

Travels could lead to different kinds of innovations producing an ‘internationalization’ in the Archaic period. We have many notices of poets working far away from their homeland in those times, like Thaletas of Cretan Gortyna and Alcman (from Sparta or Lydian Sardis?). It could be important for a powerful ruler to draw in skilled poets: Polycrates of Samos attracted Ibycus from Rhegium and Anacreon from Teos; Periander of Corinth brought to his court Arion, from Lesbian Methymna; Peisistratus took Homer’s poetry to Athens and latter Anacreon and Simonides of Ceos spent some time there, before going to courts in Thessaly (the Tean) and in Sicily (the Cean). So, in Ancient times, a poet would take all the chances he had at hand to profit from his art (cf. Theocritus 16.34-47, cited p. 28).

But this phenomenon was not particular to Greece alone. As the editors say (p. 14), “singers and poets travel in many societies, perhaps most”. In Japan, in late medieval Europe, in medieval India, in Western Africa singers travelled to where they could find employment, and the best singers migrated to where they would be paid most. And to consider this comparative evidence can be useful in helping us to understand the ways poetic itinerancy developed in Ancient Greece.

Concluding their Introduction, the editors say (p.17) that poets travel to perform, but this does not exhaust the issue. It’s very import also to say that poets, local and foreign, played a role in celebrating local traditions. “One of the main functions of the shared cultural tradition was to provide an ideological fabric connecting the different Greek cities” (p. 20). So poets, when wandering, were reinforcing local traditions but also making Hellenic identity.

In the second chapter, ‘Hittite and Greek perspectives on travelling poets, texts and festivals’, Mary R. Bacharova starts by asserting that the mechanism by which literature from the Near East reached Greece has not been well studied. She argues that there was contact at an early stage between Pre-Greek and Anatolian poetic traditions. According to her, transmission of cultural practices via Anatolia during the Mycenean period should be given serious consideration. She examines the mechanisms by which second-millenium Anatolian singers and other ‘masters of the word’ made their way from one location to another. The focus is particularly on two related settings: the worship of an imported god and festivals. In analysing the texts, she presents phraseological correspondences that she claims to be “good indirect evidence of the contact between wordsmiths through whom the phrasing crossed langages” (p. 29). In conclusion, Bacharova asserts that festivals from Anatolia and other parts of the Near East shared much in common with Greek festivals of the first millenium.

Peter Wilson is the author of chapter 3, “Thamyris the Tracian: the archetypal wandering poet?”. The author notes that Thamyris may seem, at first glance, the perfect ‘wandering’ archetypal poet, but, in fact, he is a difficult role-model. He is a marginal figure in Greek myth and literature, even though an ancient and persistent presence. He comes from the margins of the Hellenic world. As Wilson argues, Thamyris is a useful model of opposition, a figurehead for a religious tradition that ran against Olympian religion and Homeric epic itself. Perhaps the most interesting contribution of this paper is the analysis made by Wilson of a number of Sophoclean fragments, specially those from the play Thamyras or Mousai . Thamyris was a kind of revolutionary poet who opposed the poetic status quo represented by the Homeric Muses. For this reason, his identification with the poets of the New Music of the second half of the fifth century was a natural development, as Wilson masterfully shows.

“Read on arrival” is the title of chapter 4, by Richard P. Martin. In this paper the author tries to make a diachronic examination of the strategies adopted by wandering poets and performers in order to delineate a typology. In doing that, he wants to explore the poetics of a number of genres related or not to the travelling poets. The strategies of the wandering poets are different from those of the metanastic figures (a term proposed by Martin in 1992) 1 because these had a kind of one-way ticket, while the travelling poets had “the equivalent of a long-term Eurail pass” (p. 81). Based on this, Martin analyses Aristophanes’ Birds 904-57, where a parody is presented of a travelling poet’s arrival that can be viewed as representing the typical behavour of a poet seeking for a patron; Pindar’s Pythian 4, 275-280; Odyssey 17.382-6; Bacchylides’ 5.7-14 and 3.90-8; the Hymn to Apollo 166-75 and some other texts are used to establish the six gambits that form the handbook of strategies and rules for the wandering poet: 1. praise the place and let the people come later; 2. make yourself the voice of tradition; 3. for success, don’t dress; 4. inflate your worth; 5. handle many genres ( polueideia ); and pratice, pratice, pratice. In conclusion, Martin says that “the successful roaming poet will be one who makes the memorized look spontaneous” (p. 103). In this context, the concept of re-performance is very important, because, as Martin argues (p. 103), there must have been a kind of temporary textualization of a repertoire that was ‘read’ in a type of composition-in-performance characteristic of oral tradition.

Ewen Bowie, in chapter 5, entitled “Wandering poets, archaic style”, studies archaic wandering poets’ representation in their poetry of themselves and of their performances. He is interested mainly in monodic lyric poetry down to 500 BC. According to Bowie, travelling poets can be divided in three categories: 1. the poet as a member of a group (Archilochus, Tyrtaeus, Mimnermus and maybe Anacreon; 2. Solitary travellers outside their polis who performed in a symposium and did not travel in order to sing (Semonides, Alcaeus and Solon); 3. Professional poets or ones who travelled in order to sing and to participate in symposia as guests (Ibycus [maybe] and Anacreon [maybe] and Simonides).

In Chapter 6, “Defining local identities in Greek lyric poetry”, Giovan Battista D’Alessio argues that in the formative period of the Greek poleis the construction of a local identity was often voiced by foreign poets. He explores some case studies of public poetic discourse as a means for defining and promoting civic identities in the archaic and classical periods, and of the different strategies by which such a poetic communal self-definition was constructed. D’Alessio studies the cases of Eumelus’ Delian Prosodion for the Messenians, refered to by Pausanias (4.4.1 and 4.33.2; see also PMG 696), and also the Delian Prosodia by Pronomus (for Chalcis; see Paus. 9.12.6) and Amphicles of Rheneia (for the Athenians; see ID 1497). Further on, the author dedicates some pages also to the Nephelokokkygia episode, in Aristophanes Birds (851-8; 863-904; 1318-22) and to the ‘choral’ elegy by Tyrtaeus (the poetic voice as a collective discourse) to understand the relevance and impact of lyric discourse as an important medium for expressing a communal image of the polis. The last case study analysed by D’Alessio is Pindar’s Paeans 2 and 4. In conclusion, the author says that “public poetic performance (…) was one of the privileged media for Greek cities to give voice to their ‘identities’ from the archaic age onward” (p. 166).

“Wandering poetry, ‘travelling’ music: Timotheus’ muse and some case-studies of shifting cultural identities” is the title of chapter 7, by Lucia Prauscello. The author investigates the ways the poetry of Timotheus of Miletus was exploited and re-interpreted in different moments and in different places of Ancient Greece. She says she is concerned with whether and to what extent re-performances and musical re-settings may have affected the generic definition of the text itself and its reception among the audience. In this context it is important to note that musical performance is a prominent feature in the rhetoric of self-construction of Greek cultural identities, in the poleis but also in broader geographical limits. Prauscello examines how the poetry of Timotheus was re-used and interpreted in Sparta (analysing the ‘forged’ Laconian decree transmitted by Boethius [ De inst. mus. 1.1]); in Arcadia (commenting on passages from Polybius [4.19-21], Plutarch [ Philop. 11] and Pausanias [8.50.3]; and in Crete (taking as points of departure the inscriptions ICret V.viii.11 [Knossos] and xxiv.1 [Priansos]). In conclusion, we could say that the interpretation and value of a text varies with time and withplace . A poem by Timotheus could be seen positively by the Arcadians, but could also be banished by the Spartans for different motives.

Andrej Petrovic is the author of chapter 8, entitled “Epigrammatic contests, poeti vaganti and local history”. He discusses the role of wandering poets as local historians. The focus is on texts dated up to the end of Hellenistic times written by wandering poets for public monuments. Petrovic is concerned with the fact that the composition of public epigrams in a number of cases was a task fulfilled by wandering poets. He is also interested on the procedure through which texts for public monuments were chosen and his response to this question is that the texts were chosen after contests that took place in public festivals and in the framework of public commissions. Petrovic argues also that these public epigrams had a supra-local reception, even though they were composed for local addressees. He sugests in the end that these poems were diffused through epigrammatic collections organized on the principle of interest in local history.

Chapter 9 is by Sophia Aneziri, who writes about “World travellers: the associations of Artists of Dionysus”. According to her, poets and musicians, in any time and in any society, have their mobility determined by three factors: first, by the features of the society they are operating in, along with conditions of travel and communication; second, the existence of opportunities for performance that might attract performers, such as festivals and competitions; and third, she asserts that it is important to know if the poets work by themselves or are organized in professional groups and if they stay at home or are continuously travelling. In her paper, she explores these three factors in relation to the Artists of Dionysus operating in the Mediterranean world during the Hellenistic and imperial periods. The volume of travel was very great in these periods because of the explosion in festival culture, but the pattern of movement of the Artists was very different in the two periods. In Hellenistic times artists of many places organized themselves in regional associations, but in the imperial period these regional associations lose their importance and the Association of the Artists of Dionysus achieves the status of an empire-wide network.

Ian Rutherford is the author of chapter 10, “Aristodama and the Aetolians: an itinerant poetess and her agenda”. Born most likely in the third quarter of the third century BCE in Smyrna, the poetess Aristodama is known to us only because around 220 BCE she travelled to central Greece and was honored by two cities due to the skill she demonstrated when presenting her poems there. Rutherford analyses two decrees, one of the city of Lamia (218/217 BCE, IG IX 2, 62 = Guarducci 17), the other from the Lokrian city of Khalaion ( FD 3.2.145 = G17*). He also compares the case of Aristodama with those of other poetesses and performers and examines what the relationship between Aristodama and those cities might be. Rutherford defends the hypothesis that the Aetolians engaged Aristodama to write about Aetolia and to create a sort of pan-Aetolian poetic tradition, forging in this way a political community through song. This is another example of how poetry can work as a mechanism that creates a political and cultural identity.

In the last chapter, “Travelling memories in the Hellenistic world”, Angelos Chaniotis starts his paper by analysing a document in which is narrated the visit of three citizens of the city of Kytenion in Doris to the city of Xanthos. The visitors wanted financial aid to help reconstruct the walls of their city and, in order to get that, they used many strategies to show that there was a kinship between Kytenion and Xanthos. Chaniotis is concerned with the impact cultural mobility had on the shaping of memory in the Hellenistic world. He is more interested in the contribution of orators, historians and envoys than in that of poets.

In conclusion, I want to say that this is a wonderful book. It deals with a matter whose importance is still underestimated. The authors of the different papers enter into a dialogue with each other and write in a way that is certain to inspire new research. The texts are very well edited and I have found only a few insignificant typos. All in all, this is an amazing collection.

1 .Martin, R. ‘Hesiod’s Metanastic Poetics’, Ramus 21: 11-33.

Navigating the Ancient World: The Enduring Legacy of Greek Transportation

Let’s embark on a journey through the remarkable transportation systems of ancient Greece. Imagine ancient ships gliding across the Mediterranean, connecting far-flung cities, and travelers navigating rugged mountain trails, forging paths that linked distant communities. This intricate transportation network wasn’t merely a means of getting from point A to point B; it was the lifeblood of a thriving civilization, shaping Greek culture, economy, and political landscape. Join us as we uncover the secrets that made ancient Greece a transportation powerhouse, leaving behind a legacy that still echoes in our modern world.

Table of Contents

Ancient Greek Transportation: From Donkeys to Triremes

Imagine a world without cars, trains, or planes. That was the reality for the ancient Greeks! Yet, this vibrant civilization flourished, connecting distant cities and forging an empire. Their secret? A surprisingly diverse and ingenious approach to transportation. Let’s journey back in time, exploring how the Greeks moved themselves and their goods across land and sea.

Key Points of Ancient Greek Transportation

Walking: The most common mode of transport for everyday journeys and shorter distances. Picture bustling city streets, filled with people from all walks of life navigating their daily routines on foot.
Animal Power: Donkeys and mules, known for their strength and sure-footedness, became essential for hauling goods and navigating the often-rocky Greek terrain. For those seeking a swifter pace, horses offered a faster, albeit more expensive, option. Imagine the sight of a messenger on horseback, racing across the countryside with urgent news!
Chariots: Often depicted in Greek art and mythology, chariots weren’t just for racing or warfare. These horse-drawn vehicles provided a fast and efficient way to travel, especially for the wealthy or those in power.
Sailing the Seas: When it came to conquering the vast distances between islands and engaging in trade with far-off lands, the Greeks turned to the sea. Master shipbuilders, they crafted sturdy vessels capable of navigating the often-turbulent Mediterranean waters. Their triremes, sleek warships powered by oarsmen, were marvels of engineering and played a crucial role in naval victories.

Building a Connected World

The Greeks understood that efficient transportation was vital. They invested in roads, bridges, and even canals to overcome geographical barriers and facilitate trade. These infrastructure projects weren’t just feats of engineering; they were the arteries and veins of a thriving civilization. The ingenuity of Ancient Greek transportation, from humble donkeys to mighty triremes, shaped their world. It facilitated trade, strengthened communication, and fueled cultural exchange. Their innovations laid the groundwork for future advancements in transportation, leaving an indelible mark on history.

Ancient Greek Ships: Engineering Marvels That Conquered the Mediterranean

Imagine a time when the Mediterranean Sea was abuzz with activity – trading vessels laden with exotic goods, fishing boats casting their nets under the golden sun, and fearsome warships cutting through the waves. The ancient Greeks, masters of both land and sea, were the driving force behind this bustling maritime world. They didn’t just sail the seas; they conquered them, thanks in no small part to their ingenious ships.

Remember the trireme from history class? It wasn’t just another boat; it was a game-changer. This sleek, powerful vessel, its three rows of oars propelling it forward with incredible speed and agility, was the pride of the Greek navy. With their skilled rowers working in perfect unison, the Greeks could outmaneuver and overpower their enemies, securing their dominance in naval warfare.

But the secret to their success wasn’t just brute force; it was clever engineering. Instead of building their ships on heavy frames, the Greeks used a unique shell-first method. Picture this: they started with a sturdy keel, the backbone of the ship, and then attached planks to it, creating a strong, yet flexible hull. This innovative technique, a testament to their ingenuity, produced ships that were not only resilient and seaworthy but also remarkably fast – a deadly combination for their rivals.

These ships weren’t just built for war. They were the lifeblood of a growing empire. Picture bustling ports, their docks crowded with triremes returning from distant lands, their holds overflowing with treasures and exotic goods. From the shores of Greece to the far reaches of the Mediterranean, these ships forged vital trade routes, carrying goods, ideas, and culture. They were instrumental in connecting the Greek mainland with its colonies, fostering economic prosperity and cultural exchange throughout the region.

Trireme Supremacy: The trireme, with its three rows of oars, was a formidable weapon in ancient naval warfare. Greek triremes were renowned for their speed, maneuverability, and ability to engage in close-quarters combat. The trireme’s dominance enabled Greece to control the Mediterranean Sea and establish its maritime empire.
Shell-Based Construction: Greek ships were typically constructed using a shell-based method, where planks were attached to a central keel. This technique allowed for greater flexibility and durability compared to earlier frame-based methods. The shell-based construction technique remained the standard in Mediterranean shipbuilding for centuries.
Maritime Empire: Greek ships facilitated the growth of Greece’s maritime empire, connecting the mainland with its far-flung territories. Trade flourished as Greek ships transported goods and resources across the Mediterranean Sea. The Greek navy played a crucial role in securing trade routes and defending the empire from external threats.
Enduring Legacy: Greek naval architecture influenced shipbuilding practices throughout history, from the Roman Empire to the present day. The trireme’s design inspired modern racing shells and the concept of multiple-row propulsion systems. The shell-based construction method is still employed in some traditional boatbuilding techniques.

The ingenuity of the ancient Greeks didn’t just disappear with time. Their legacy lives on even today. Remember seeing those sleek rowing shells gliding down a river? Their design harks back to the trireme, showcasing the enduring influence of this ancient marvel. Even the concept of using multiple rows of oars for propulsion has found its way into modern shipbuilding, a testament to the brilliance of the ancient Greek mind. The story of ancient Greek ships is a testament to human ingenuity, a reminder that even thousands of years ago, people were capable of incredible feats of engineering. These vessels weren’t just tools of war or commerce; they were symbols of innovation, exploration, and the unyielding spirit of the ancient Greeks. They remind us that the sea, often seen as a barrier, can also be a bridge, connecting people, cultures, and ideas, shaping the course of history in ways we are still uncovering today.

Famous females in ancient Greece : Explore the remarkable lives and accomplishments of influential women in ancient Greece.
Priestesses in ancient Greece : Uncover the mystical and powerful role of priestesses in the ancient Greek society.
Queens in ancient Greece : Discover the stories of the brave and regal queens who ruled in ancient Greece.
Kings of ancient Greece : Delve into the world of ancient Greek kings and their enduring legacies.
Enemy of ancient Greece : Learn about the formidable adversaries that ancient Greece encountered throughout its history.
Aristocracy ancient Greece : Gain insight into the privileged and influential elite class in ancient Greek society.
Do you capitalize ancient Greece : Find out the correct usage of capitalization when referring to the captivating era of ancient Greece.

The Power of Roads: How Ancient Greek Infrastructure Fueled Trade and Empire

Imagine needing to move a cartload of olive oil from Athens to Corinth back in ancient Greece. Without proper roads, it would be a bumpy, slow, and even dangerous journey! The ancient Greeks, a clever bunch, realized that to truly thrive, they needed more than just great philosophers and playwrights; they needed a way to connect their cities and ports efficiently. This is where their incredible infrastructure projects come in. The Greeks weren’t just building roads; they were building the foundation for a powerful empire.

Think of it this way:

Roads were like the arteries of ancient Greece. These weren’t just dirt paths; the Greeks used advanced engineering to create sturdy, paved roads that could handle the constant traffic of carts and animals. This meant goods could travel faster and safer, boosting trade between different regions.
Ports were the bustling marketplaces of the Mediterranean. Places like Piraeus in Athens weren’t just for docking ships; they were vibrant hubs where merchants from all over could gather, exchange goods, and share stories. Imagine the exotic spices, luxurious fabrics, and fascinating tales from far-off lands that would have filled the air!

These infrastructure projects were game-changers for several reasons:

Trade boomed like never before. With efficient routes for land and sea travel, goods could flow easily throughout the Greek world. This meant access to a wider variety of products and raw materials, stimulating economic growth and making everyone a little bit richer.
Ideas traveled as fast as merchandise. Imagine Greek pottery making its way to Egypt while Egyptian textiles found their way into Greek homes. This exchange of goods went hand-in-hand with the exchange of ideas, technologies, and even artistic styles, creating a vibrant cultural tapestry.
City-states became more unified. With increased travel and communication, separate city-states were no longer so isolated. They could collaborate more easily, forming political alliances and strengthening their bonds. This sense of unity was crucial to the formation of a powerful Greek empire.
Trade in Ancient Greece: Trade flourished from the Bronze Age, with pottery and precious goods found far from their origin. Maritime loans enabled traders to finance their expeditions, with repayment only required if the ship reached its destination safely. Intra-Greek trade included cereals, wine, olives, figs, meat, tools, perfumes, and fine pottery.

The impact of the Greeks’ investment in infrastructure wasn’t just limited to their time. The roads and ports they built served as blueprints for future civilizations, influencing trade routes and maritime commerce for centuries to come. Their story reminds us that sometimes, the most powerful empires are built not just on military might, but on the foundations of smart, interconnected networks.

Want to dig deeper? Check out this book:

Boardman, J., & Hammond, N. G. L. (2002). The Cambridge ancient history: The archaeology of Greece to the end of the Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press.

From Chariots to Carts: Unveiling the Diversity of Ancient Greek Land Transportation

Remember those epic chariot races in the movies? Chariots weren’t just for show in ancient Greece. They were like the Ferraris of their time – a symbol that you’d made it big! Owned mostly by the wealthy and powerful, these horse-drawn vehicles were a testament to skilled craftsmanship, boasting sleek designs and intricate details. Imagine the awe they inspired, rumbling through the city streets!

But let’s not forget the everyday workhorse – the humble cart. While not as flashy as their chariot cousins, these sturdy vehicles were the backbone of Greek society. Picture farmers bringing their produce to market in donkey- or mule-drawn carts, or families using them to move house. They might not have turned heads like a chariot, but they were essential for getting things done.

The Greeks, however, were clever folks, and they knew that different tasks called for different tools. So, beyond chariots and carts, they crafted a whole range of specialized vehicles. Need to haul something heavy? Call on the trusty four-wheeled wagon! Navigating narrow city streets? The nimble two-wheeled cart was your friend. And for the wealthy or those needing a smoother ride, there was the litter – a luxurious cabin suspended between poles and carried by, you guessed it, more strong men or animals.

Chariots as a Status Symbol: Chariots were predominantly used by the elite and royalty of ancient Egypt, symbolizing prestige and wealth.
Origins and Evolution of Chariots: The origins of chariots can be traced back to around 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia. These early chariots were heavy, four-wheeled carts, pulled by animals such as onagers or donkeys. Over time, the design evolved, becoming lighter and more maneuverable.
Chariots in Warfare: Chariots were introduced into Egyptian warfare around the 16th century BCE. They provided greater mobility and tactical advantage on the battlefield. Chariot warfare played a significant role in the military successes of ancient Egypt.
Egyptian Chariot Designs: Ancient Egyptian chariots exhibited diverse designs, including two-wheeled carts and four- to eight-wheeled wagons. The wagons were equipped with discs or spokes for greater efficiency.

Think of it like this:

From the prestigious chariot to the hardworking cart and beyond, the ancient Greeks demonstrated incredible ingenuity in developing diverse land transportation solutions. Each vehicle played a vital role in the tapestry of daily life, showcasing their adaptability and resourcefulness in a world without cars, trains, or planes.

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Travel | April/May 2024

The Thrills of Rediscovering Ancient Greece While Touring Modern Athens

The Mediterranean capital city savors its connections to antiquity—while reappraising its past

2,500 years after it was built, the Parthenon is still among the first places tourists go when they arrive in Athens.

By Tony Perrottet

Photographs by Myrto Papadopoulos

The first golden age of Athenian tourism occurred around 435 B.C., when culture-lovers from around the Greek world flocked to the city at the peak of its glory. It was an unforgettable travel experience: After arriving by sea at the port of Piraeus, wide-eyed ancient sightseers would walk the four miles along defensive walls to the central Agora, the market square where illustrious philosophers like Socrates debated, young athletes worked out beneath marble colonnades, mathematicians drew their geometric theorems in the sand, and splendid temples were crowded with ravishing artworks by the world’s most talented sculptors. Travelers rushed to the houses of historical celebrities, the grave of lawgiver Solon and the supposed resting place of the mythic hero Oedipus. The main attraction, however, was to ascend on foot the Panathenaic Way up the steep flanks of the Acropolis, the soaring “sacred rock,” which was crowned with the newly completed Parthenon, considered the most perfectly proportioned structure on earth.

There, they might attend one of the theatrical performances for which Athens was justly famous, for its dramatists had invented tragedy, comedy and choral poetry.

In Athens today, centuries can dissolve in the blink of an eye, as I found on a recent summer’s evening when I set off on foot along the same Panathenaic Way with a stream of modern Greek-culture-lovers. Every step was an echo of ancient tradition: Climbing to the Acropolis, I passed serene olive groves with sweeping views of the Agora, where the near-intact Temple of Hephaestus still rises; thanks to blasts of the etesian winds, I could see the blue Aegean sparkling on the horizon. My destination was the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, a majestic 4,680-seat amphitheater on the Acropolis’ southwest side named after the arts patron who funded its construction. The audience members all edged along narrow rows of the steep semicircle to take their limestone seats, which were thankfully softened by thin pillows. On the night’s playbill was Euripides’ tragedy The Bacchae , which had premiered in 405 B.C. at the Theater of Dionysus a stone’s throw away, when it won first prize in the annual theater festival.

Now, 2,400-odd years later, the play was performed in Greek with projected English translations and modern sound and lighting systems. But otherwise, there was a rich sense of continuity: Like the original Athenian audience, we watched in fascination as the god Dionysus came down to earth to visit the women of Thebes, who had taken up his secret Bacchic rites in the nearby mountains. The tragedy unfolds inexorably as the arrogant King Pentheus infiltrates the sacred female ceremonies in disguise but is discovered and torn limb from limb by the delirious and ecstatic celebrants—who, it turns out, include his own mother and aunts.

Leaving the theater afterward, we all looked in wonder at the Parthenon hovering above and the moonlit city below. I could only agree with the classical travelers who felt that Athens’ exquisite natural setting was matched by the harmony of its man-made adornments. As the Athenian comic poet Lysippus proudly declared around 400 B.C.:

If you’ve never seen Athens, your brain’s a morass; if you’ve seen it and weren’t entranced, you’re an ass; if you’ve left without regrets, your head’s solid brass!

For me, watching the live performance of Euripides was a pleasing connection to antiquity. It was also a serene way to experience the Acropolis, which has become so jampacked with tourists that in September 2023 their numbers had to be limited to 20,000 per day. But a night at the amphitheater is not the only unexpected gateway to the past.

Cover image of the Smithsonian Magazine April/May 2024 issue

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This article is a selection from the April/May 2024 issue of Smithsonian magazine

A fresh energy is evident in Athens today, allowing the ancient and modern worlds to interact in creative ways. “There is a new sensitivity to how archaeological finds are being saved and presented,” said Paul Cartledge , an ancient Greek historian emeritus at the University of Cambridge, pointing to the array of innovative showcases for the city’s historic treasures in the pipeline.

The National Archaeological Museum has been home since 1889 to many of the finest artistic masterpieces of the ancient world, including a bronze statue of Zeus or Poseidon and the so-called Mask of Agamemnon made from beaten gold. In 2023, it announced a $300 million expansion designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect David Chipperfield and Greek firm Tombazis, adding around 200,000 square feet of exhibition space and lush gardens. Plans were also approved in 2023 for a striking “invisible” museum devoted to the history of Athens, where underground galleries will blend with verdant parkland to revive the run-down inner-city area Akadimia Platonos, or Plato’s Academy.

And the fascination for the classical world ripples through society in unexpected ways: There are now museums in subway stations, ancient aqueducts are being repurposed, and Athenians are drawing on the past for inspiration in art, gastronomy, even massage therapy. At the same time, historians are looking more critically at ancient Athenians’ society and culture, offering a less worshipful and more complex understanding of both their genius and their faults.

As a base for exploring our changing attitudes about ancient Athenians, I checked into the Grande Bretagne , the favored hotel for visiting Hellenophiles since it opened in 1874. When Athens had been chosen as the capital of Greece four decades earlier—the country won its independence after four centuries of Ottoman rule in 1832—it was barely larger than a village, with 2,500 inhabitants, a shadow of its classical peak of 300,000. To remedy this, the Greek government embarked on excavations and a building program, erecting grandiose public edifices, museums and a university in the neoclassical style. The palatial Grande Bretagne accommodated foreign admirers—many of them Britons inspired by Romantic poets like Lord Byron and Percy Shelley—and it still rises like a marble-sheathed temple over Syntagma Square, the official heart of the modern city. My gilded room was adorned with evocative 19th-century engravings—Greek urns, overgrown ruins, images of the gods and heroes—and from the balcony I could watch the Sunday changing of the guard outside the Hellenic Parliament, with the soldiers marching in traditional pom-pom shoes past classical-style statues.

It was only in the 1950s that Athens exploded in size, with internal migrants flooding in from the Greek countryside and islands to create sprawling suburbs bristling with TV antennas and electricity wires, as well as notoriously gridlocked traffic. The new building methods created a collision between the ancient and modern cities, with developers damaging archaeological sites in the breakneck push for expansion. When I first visited 25 years ago to research my books on the ancient world, Athens was a chaotic and exhausting place where most visitors stayed for a night or two before beating a hasty retreat to island beaches. But the 2004 Olympics brought radical improvements, with new highways easing traffic and pedestrian-only areas growing around historic sites. Today, despite ongoing economic pain since the 2010 debt crisis brought rioters into the streets, Athens is recreating itself as one of Europe’s most energetic cities, where past and present coexist in ways that once seemed impossible.

My first stop was the most unlikely new “museum” in Athens: a subway station called Dimotiko Theatro, or Municipal Theater, more than 50 feet underground. It’s located in Piraeus, the port of Athens, where ancient travelers would often arrive and where the Athenian fleet was built and berthed in the days of Pericles to rule the empire. Today, it’s a gritty industrial area and hub for shipping and ferries, where trendy restaurants in warehouses sit alongside art galleries and nautical machinery shops. Twenty minutes from downtown, I joined throngs of rush-hour commuters as they followed subterranean tunnels through Dimotiko’s gleaming chrome-and-blue interior. Surrounding us on all sides was a permanent exhibition called “Tales of Invisible Water,” displaying objects unearthed during construction related to Athens’ ancient hydraulic system, including the imposing carved stone remains of below-ground aqueducts and bell-shaped cisterns. Under glass beneath our feet were the foundations of a villa from the fourth century B.C. complete with floor mosaics and softly lit domestic water tanks and amphoras.

The underground tunnels of Hadrian’s Aqueduct

Inaugurated in late 2022, the metro museum in Piraeus is the latest phase of the subway project that began in 1992 and has become the city’s largest and most fertile archaeological dig. Athens is one of Europe’s oldest cities, and the sheer density of material evidence is mind-boggling. “You’re dealing with a city whose site has been occupied since Neolithic times and built on continuously,” said Florentia Fragkopoulou, a scientific collaborator at the Acropolis Museum . “It’s a paradise for archaeologists and visitors, where you can see the strata of everyday life for millennia.” Almost every time a spade is put into the earth, a trove of relics is revealed, Fragkopoulou said. For example, one of the city’s most striking contemporary structures, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, designed by Renzo Piano as the home of the Greek National Opera and a splendid library, was erected on the site of an ancient cemetery that was in use from the eighth to fourth centuries B.C. When construction work began in 2012, the private company brought in a team of archaeologists, including Fragkopoulou in 2013 for 12 months. In that time, they unearthed and cataloged hundreds of artifacts from the site and placed them safely in storage.

The metro system has been even more fruitful. Since excavation began in 1992, some 50,000 artifacts have come to light. Apart from the new Piraeus stop, several subway stations, including the central hub Syntagma itself, display the finds in exhibits that are now a casually accepted part of the urban fabric.

But while the ancient infrastructure in the Piraeus subway is only for display, another section of the water system is being put to practical use. To explore it, I returned to central Athens and climbed the steep streets into the upscale Kolonaki neighborhood below Lycabettus Hill, the city’s highest point, to meet George Sachinis, director of strategy and innovation for EYDAP (the Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company). We were joined by Lynnette Widder , a Columbia University architecture expert who specializes in sustainable environmental building, and two members of Urban Dig, an Athenian group that hosts cultural events in historic sites. Sachinis, a wiry engineer in khaki work clothes, led us down steps into a cavernous, empty reservoir chamber whose arched roof was being strengthened. Before us gaped the carved stone entrance of Hadrian’s Aqueduct, about five feet high and three feet wide. We put on hard hats and climbed a ladder to enter, using our iPhones to light the way as we crouched through the barrel-vaulted tunnel. “It was a different technological approach to what we imagine as a Roman aqueduct,” explained Widder. “It was an invisible water supply, unlike the heroic arched versions.”

Built in the second century A.D. as part of the Roman Emperor Hadrian’s renovation of the city—he was a devoted Hellenophile—the aqueduct starts in the mountains above Athens, some 100 feet higher than the Agora, and is replenished along its 12-mile route by some 400 bore wells. It was such a fine piece of engineering that it remained one of the main water sources for Athens until 1931, when a new aqueduct was built with help of New York engineers. By then, the groundwater for Hadrian’s Aqueduct was becoming contaminated, because Athens had no effective sewerage system, and it soon fell into disuse. The 200 million gallons of water passing through it daily are still simply flushed out to sea, a terrible waste in a city parched by the Mediterranean sun. “We tried to use the water for irrigation in the 1980s,” said Sachinis, “but all the plants in the parks died.” The sewerage system was finally improved in the ’90s, and today the water is relatively clean, he said, with bio-membranes and UV treatments to purify it further. With European Union funding, EYDAP plans to redistribute water in ten spots along the aqueduct’s route, many in poorer areas that lack parks. “With climate change, urban heating is a huge problem in Athens,” he said. “We need these green projects to bring shade and cool.”

Meanwhile, Urban Dig is inviting artists to increase community involvement. It plans to use the reservoir as a venue for theatrical events and as a “digital canvas” where images about its history will be projected on the walls and ceilings. It will also be connected with another ancient water tank to create a new plaza called Reservoir Square, with underground galleries and cultural centers. “For centuries, Hadrian’s Aqueduct was a major water source for the city,” Sachinis summed up. “Athenians used antiquity in their daily lives. Now we are revisiting it for the new urban needs of the 21st century.”

If the aqueduct is a hidden 21st-century site, the Acropolis is at the opposite extreme: As one of the Mediterranean’s most visible attractions, every renovation or alteration is the subject of furious debate. (In 2021, paving over part of the plateau’s surface with concrete to make it more accessible to disabled visitors was decried by many scholars as “Disneyfication.”) Thanks to its popularity, timing a visit by day is a delicate art: When I revisited, I went late in the afternoon via the lesser-known secondary entrance by the pedestrian street Dionysiou Areopagitou, where the crowds were magically thin. In the relative serenity, it was easy to imagine the excitement of the classical Greek travelers who rushed to the hallowed site. The Parthenon’s friezes were then colorfully painted, and the temple was presided over by a colossal statue of the warrior-goddess Athena, whose gold helmet glinted in the sun. To appreciate the many pagan shrines and relics that crowded the site, these pioneer tourists consulted guidebook-scrolls, hired learned guides called periegetai (“leaders around”) or exegetai (“explainers”), and even paid artists to dash off souvenir portraits with the Parthenon in the background.

Today, the plateau is uncluttered in a way that would have surprised the ancients. “The Acropolis as we see it now is not as it was but a modern creation,” Cartledge had explained when I spoke to him before my visit. “When the Greeks became independent in 1832, they wanted to see themselves as linear descendants of the ancient Athenians, specifically those in the fifth-century B.C. golden age. With both excavations and standing ruins, everything before and after those dates was removed or destroyed.” At the Parthenon, a Byzantine tower and mosque from the Ottoman era were knocked down. Greece’s first archaeology museums, meanwhile, privileged the relics of the city’s Periclean heyday over items from earlier eras or the non-Greek world. “Now museums are showing the historical context and the foreign influences on the Athenians.”

The most vivid example of this is the Acropolis Museum, which opened in 2009 in a light-filled contemporary structure designed by architect Bernard Tschumi. Visitors ascend floor by floor through the physical strata of Athenian history from the Bronze Age to the end of antiquity. The spectacular top floor is angled to parallel the Parthenon, which is visible through vast picture windows. On display are copies of the sculptures that once decorated its pediment, often referred to as the Elgin Marbles after Lord Elgin, the British aristocrat-collector who removed the originals and had them shipped to England between 1801 and 1812.

In a parallel movement, historians are broadening the idealized view of Athenian society formed in the 19th century, which focused only on its intellectual splendor. “The Athenians can make a very good case that their ancestors’ achievements are at the root of Western civilization,” said Cartledge. “They invented democracy, which is today a worldwide phenomenon. Add to that their cultural breakthroughs, inventing historiography, medicine, theater, philosophy—even the words are of Greek origin. But today in the Black Lives Matter and #MeToo era, we have to look at the ancient Athenians more critically. Slavery was taken for granted. Women were never allowed anywhere near politics. Non-Greeks”—that is, those beyond the Hellenic lands and the dozens of Greek colonies around the Mediterranean—“were regarded in a negative way that today we would find offensive.” Meanwhile, the building program of the 440s and 430s B.C. that created so many masterpieces was funded by the Athenians’ empire, which exacted tribute from 200 or so Greek towns, cities and islands. “Who physically constructed the Parthenon? Who hauled the marble? Slaves. They did much of the carving as well,” Cartledge added. “It’s not a straightforward situation. One has to be more nuanced.”

Today, Athenian museum curators are taking these academic shifts to heart. “We hope to tell new and different narratives about ancient Greece,” said Anna Karapanagiotou, the director of the National Archaeological Museum, as she led me into its sprawling storage rooms to show me the staggering depth of its collections. Currently some 12,000 items are on display in the stately neoclassical edifice, but behind the scenes 150,000 more are arranged by type—cemetery reliefs, urns, statues—with slices of foam to protect them if an earthquake hits. There are many misconceptions about the ancients, Karapanagiotou added as we passed staff photographing a Mycenaean pyxis, or carved stone jewelry box, starting with their politics. “Athenian democracy was such a powerful idea,” she said, “but few realize that women could not vote. They couldn’t hold office or even go to the theater. The only public role was for priestesses.” (One of the main differences in my visit to see The Bacchae , she added, was that there are today female actors and women in the audience.) Slaves and foreigners, who were dismissed by Athenians as “barbarians,” were also unable to vote. In fact, only 40,000 male citizens participated in the first democracy—out of a population of 300,000.

Then there is ancient sexuality, which many Greeks in particular are slow to accept. Cartledge points out that, according to the dogma of the Greek Orthodox Church, homosexuality is still frowned upon. But ancient Greek men, including Alexander the Great, openly slept with men as well as with women. When Oliver Stone’s 2004 movie Alexander depicted this, a Greek organization claimed it was defamatory and threatened to sue in an attempt to stop its distribution.

Meanwhile, our perception of the physical appearance of Athens is changing. Victorian scholars popularized the idea that Greek sculptures were pristine white marble, making them a pinnacle of refined taste. In fact, they were all painted in bright colors, which can seem garish to modern eyes; they often had ivory eyes for expression, and copper or brass adornments. “The lack of color distorts our view of the past,” said Panagiotis Iossif, scientific director of the Museum of Cycladic Art . “I tell my students that if you want to imagine ancient Athens, look to the modern-day souks of the Middle East. They are very noisy, very colorful, very smelly. Forget about the white!”

The creative dialogue between ancient and modern infuses Athenian daily life in other unexpected ways, as I discovered when I visited Anthologist , a design store located in a splendidly restored 1912 building and hidden, incongruously, above two busy falafel restaurants. The entryway was adorned with stained-glass images inspired by the art of Knossos, the Minoan city in Crete, while the jewelry and textiles on display rework favorite ancient Greek motifs like dolphins and the chimera, a mythological creature that combined the parts of a lion, goat and snake. These were blended with design elements from the Middle East, North Africa and beyond, reflecting the recent academic acceptance of foreign influences. “Athens has always been at the center of the trade routes of the eastern Mediterranean,” observed Andria Mitsakos, the founder and creative director of Anthologist. “The ancient Greeks were influenced by Persia, Egypt, North Africa, even Afghanistan and Armenia. They were never in isolation.”

Mitsakos, the granddaughter of Greek Armenians who fled to the Boston area in the 1920s, moved full time to Athens in 2013 to work with local Athenian artisans and metal foundries. “I take ancient Greek design and see how it translates to the modern world,” she said. “The type of objects that were in use 3,000 years ago are still in use today. The cubed floor mosaic patterns you find in Delos, Apollo’s sacred island, are still popular. They have been reinterpreted by designers over the centuries, but you can recognize them.”

The ancients even made a surprise appearance when I moved to my second hotel, Mona , located in a renovated textile factory from the 1950s in the former working-class neighborhood of Psirri. The hotel’s industrial-chic aesthetic was strikingly contemporary, with postmodern furniture set against raw concrete walls and polished stone floors suggesting a refined Hellenic corner of Brooklyn. But then I learned that the hotel hosts a regular social club that was testing out an ancient banquet theme. This “archaeo-gastronomy” was taking recipes from classical references like Athenaeus’ The Deipnosophists , a detailed description of a symposium, or philosophers’ banquet, involving food, wine and learned debate. Its title is usually translated as “Banquet of the Learned,” although some scholars suggest the more evocative “Partying Professors.”

And so I joined the Greek Italian actor, chef and TV host Dorotea Mercuri on a shopping trip for fifth-century B.C. banquet ingredients in the busy Kallidromiou Farmers Market, held every Saturday in a narrow laneway. Farmers come from the countryside around Athens to sell their produce while small groups of musicians busk with bouzouki music. It evoked the exuberant market in the ancient Agora, which by the fifth century B.C. overflowed with culinary treats, brought by traders from Syria to Spain. (As the Athenian poet Eubulus said, you could find anything in the prototype piazza; there were figs, roses, chickpeas, fish, lawyers, lambs, water-clocks, iron mongers, perfumers …)

“The first thing you notice in a market is what we can’t use,” Mercuri said. Many beloved “Mediterranean” vegetables actually came from the Americas post-1492, she noted. “There were no tomatoes, so ‘Greek salad,’ the most famous Greek dish on the planet, didn’t exist. There were no potatoes. No corn.” There was no sugar—they sweetened dishes with honey—and little of the modern Greek dining favorite, lamb: “The ancient Greeks didn’t eat much meat compared to today. It was only at religious festivals, when animals were sacrificed. Then, everyone was given a piece.” Instead, we loaded up on fresh fish, chickpeas, onions and garlic, as well as thyme, oregano and bay leaves for seasoning. “Ancient Greek food was very light, fresh, easy to digest and very colorful,” Mercuri said, and was far humbler than imperial Roman banquets made famous by Hollywood, designed to titillate jaded aristocratic palates. “The ancient Athenians enjoyed what we would call ‘comfort foods,’” she said. “They had a healthy diet with little fat, and people walked a lot!”

The actual banquet—or ancient Greek “test kitchen”—was held the next day in Mercuri’s apartment in the leafy Mets neighborhood, around a table decorated with flowers, nuts and pomegranates. Unlike at the all-male symposia, all the guests beside myself were Athenian women, including the creative director of Mona, Eftihia Stefanidi; her artist sister Elli; and the photographer Alexandra Mercuri. One by one the dishes emerged: fava beans with red onions and extra-virgin olive oil from Messinia, oven-baked white snapper with lemon and thyme, hard sheep and goat cheeses from Samos served with plump Kalamata olives and grapes, boiled zucchini in sea salt from Kythera. Of course there was wine, which for the Greeks was as essential a staple as bread, although it tended to be strong, so it was drunk mixed with water; only drunkards took their wine “neat.” For another touch of authenticity, I had picked up a bottle of Assyrtiko, wine made from grapes that have grown on the volcanic slopes of the island of Santorini for over 3,500 years, a uniquely venerable lineage: The tough island vines, accustomed to dry and sandy soil, were resistant to the phylloxera pest that decimated world vineyards in the 19th century. Its lively taste lived up to its description as “smoky,” “salty” and “flinty.”

In ancient symposia, a guest was chosen as the master of drinking, who poured the wine into decorated bowls called kraters and regulated the pace of the meal. In the fourth century B.C., the poet Eubulus wrote a humorous verse about drinking parties that often descended from refined to rowdy, quoted in The Deipnosophists . I read it aloud as a toast to the evening. After the first three bowls of wine, Eubulus opines, “wise guests go home.” The fourth bowl of wine “belongs to violence; the fifth to uproar; the sixth to drunken revel; the seventh to black eyes. The eighth belongs to the policeman; the ninth to biliousness; and the tenth to madness and the hurling of furniture.”

Later, Dorotea Mercuri suggested I continue my research into the renewed interest in the ancient world with a “Pythagorean sound massage.” She pointed out that the thinker Pythagoras, who lived on the island of Samos from around 570 to about 532 or 530 B.C., is known today as a mathematician—the Pythagorean theorem is a cornerstone of geometry—but he also believed that mathematics could explain musical tones and harmony, and that music had medicinal qualities for its calming and healing effects. I was skeptical, but the next day I dutifully climbed the stairs of a nearby apartment in Mets to meet the 40-something Nikolaos Unalome , who greeted me at the door in down-to-earth Nike shorts and T-shirt. “Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato—all the ancient Greek philosophers talked about the vibration of the universe,” Unalome said. “Sound can unblock deep emotions and induce a profound level of relaxation.” Laid out in a room were musical instruments handcrafted by specialist artisans in Poland, including bilas , “flat bells,” sheets of polished bronze that are struck by mallets, and “singing birds,” a set of 21 small metal disks that make a sound, he explained, “as if a flock of birds were singing while flying over space.”

“Pythagoras said that the highest aim of music is not to entertain but to connect one’s soul to its divine nature,” Unalome told me as I lay down on a padded table in a candlelit room. I was still dubious. But as he played the instruments, I could indeed feel the vibrations rippling through my body like a subtle massage.

Later, I went to a more formal immersive experience, the new House of Classical Greek Ideas , which opened in late 2023 in a sleek conservatory that overlooks the ruins of Aristotle’s Lyceum. The museum celebrates the art of philosophy, perhaps the most influential of all Athenian contributions. “We look at eudaimonia , which is the search for ‘human well-being,’” explained curator Lida Arnellou as we entered a chamber with moving projections on every wall. “The great moral and social questions first posed by the Greek philosophers are still debated today. How can we live a good life? How can we be happy? How can democracy be better?” Groups of 20 pass through high-tech interactive exhibits and are encouraged to debate the issues. The experience ends with a real-life historical dilemma: Visitors are returned to 399 B.C., when Socrates has been condemned to death unjustly for “corrupting Athenian youth” and introducing new gods. Should he accept the law and drink the cup of deadly hemlock or (as his friends begged) flee to safety? Depending on how visitors vote, they leave through different exits.

“Think of it as a philosophical escape room,” Arnellou said with a laugh.

Athens’ contemporary artists are also engaging with the ancients, as I found when I visited the city’s annual art fair, Art Athina . It was held in Zappeion Hall, an enormous circular structure that was built in 1888 in classical style as a venue for the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with an open atrium, gleaming white Corinthian columns, and brilliantly colored frescoes and floor mosaics. At the stand of a provocative gallery called The Breeder, the artist Aristeidis Lappas had created a giant portrait of the Minotaur. The mythical half-man, half-bull lived in the Labyrinth of Crete and received the sacrifice of young Athenian men and maidens, but Lappas had made him a colorful, friendly forest creature. “I’m trying to transform the symbol,” he said. “Picasso used the Minotaur as a symbol of aggressive masculinity, but Minoan culture was matriarchal, and this bull is very gentle.” Another artist, Panos Profitis, was displaying sculptures that included a giant foot of Hermes, messenger of the gods, spray-painted silver and with bat-like wings on his ankles instead of bird wings. He also used classical torsos, masks from Greek tragedy and references to Aristophanes’ 405 B.C. satire The Frogs , which involves a visit to the underworld.

On my last night in Athens, I took an ancient journey to the underworld myself. Throughout antiquity, the most intellectually adventurous travelers to Athens would embark on a 14-mile procession west along a stone road called the Sacred Way to visit the shrine of Eleusis, one of the most sacred in the pagan world. There, secret rituals were held in honor of the earth and fertility goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone, whose annual passage back and forth to Hades regulated the cycle of the seasons, with her absence creating the barren winters and her return the fertile warmth of spring. Initiates could not divulge details of these so-called Eleusinian Mysteries on pain of death, and the rites remain hazy even today. But as far as historians can tell, they simulated a symbolic journey to Hades via a cave with an altar to the underworld’s ruler, the god Pluto—possibly with hallucinogenic substances taken to induce visions—followed by a healing spiritual rebirth.

The narrative of regeneration suffuses Eleusis’ later history. In the early 1900s, the coastal town (then known as Elefsina) got new life as one of the busiest industrial sites in Greece. But economic depression set in after World War II, and by the 1980s Elefsina had become a byword for environmental damage and urban blight. Today, the Sacred Way is a busy six-lane highway lined with factories, while the rusting hulks of abandoned freighters are scattered offshore, many half-sunk like the discarded playthings of the Titans.

Despite its post-apocalyptic appearance, Elefsina’s fortunes turned around yet again in 2023, when its ancient status as a pagan religious and artistic center (it was also the birthplace of the playwright Aeschylus) helped it be chosen as a European Capital of Culture. It became the unlikely focus of an E.U.-funded art festival, with exhibitions in restored factory spaces and theatrical pieces staged in ruins. Each event was labeled a Mystery but also numbered to distinguish it on the modern program. “We don’t want to simply revive ancient history,” said Michail Marmarinos, creative director of the festival. “We play with the term ‘Mystery.’ After all, art is the closest modern equivalent of the ancient cult rituals: Artworks are secrets whose meaning has to be revealed. We are fascinated by the question mark.”

As dusk approached, I joined an audience of 50 Athenians at an avant-garde performance in the legendary ruins created by Italian director and playwright Romeo Castellucci. Once again, the centuries dissolved. As the golden light sloped across the site, we all picked our way cautiously past broken marble columns and carved stairs to observe strange, beautiful—and indeed, mysterious—scenes. Women in black mourning weeds gathered and hummed dirges. Naked actors were glimpsed behind the remains of a frieze, their limbs smeared in blood. A young man entered the gateway to Hades and emerged with new life. As if on cue, a flock of birds flew overhead.

The imagery of decay and renewal felt like a commentary on the fate of Athens itself, which has gone through so many cycles over the last 2,500 years. After the play, I returned to the city’s heart and ascended to the rooftop of my third and final hotel, the Dolli , which opened in 2023. There, the floodlit Acropolis was reflected in the waters of an infinity pool, yet another unexpectedly beautiful blend of classical and modern. “Decay and renewal are rules of life,” Marmarinos had told me earlier in the night. “Rome, Athens, Alexandria—all of antiquity’s great cities have followed the cycle of the seasons, with its pattern of withering, rebirth and return to strength.” Whatever else happens, I felt sure, the ancients will be there to help usher Athens into a creative new future.

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Tony Perrottet | READ MORE

Tony Perrottet is a contributing writer for Smithsonian magazine, a regular contributor to the New York Times and WSJ Magazine , and the author of six books including ¡Cuba Libre!: Che, Fidel and the Improbable Revolution that Changed World History , The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games and Napoleon's Privates: 2500 Years of History Unzipped . Follow him on Instagram @TonyPerrottet .

Myrto Papadopoulos | | READ MORE

Myrto Papadopoulos is a photographer and documentary filmmaker. Her work has appeared in Le Monde , Time , and the Wall Street Journal , among others.

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Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean & Classical Greece

Tour Dates: October 21 - 31, 2022 (11 days)

Tour Leader(s): Cynthia W. Shelmerdine ,

Download the full brochure for details

A journey to Athens and the fabled Aegean Sea aboard the 17-cabin yacht, Callisto

We are pleased to invite you on a journey that will explore the long legacy of Greece with Archaeological Institute of America lecturer and host Cynthia Shelmerdine. Perhaps more than any other land, Greece has exerted a profound and lasting influence on the development of the Western world. Democracy, philosophy, historiography, scientific inquiry, and theater, among others, were born here.

Join us to explore storied Athens and its celebrated ancient monuments before flying to legendary Crete, Greece’s largest island and the place that gave rise to Europe’s first advanced civilization. After visiting fascinating sites and museums in and around Heraklion, we will embark the lovely Callisto , which is akin to a private yacht rather than a cruise ship and accommodates only 34 guests.

Cruise to several of the most beautiful and historically important Greek islands. Some of the islands we will explore, such as Santorini, are well known, while others, such as Amorgos and Sifnos, are less known and yet considered to be the gems of the Greek archipelago. Beyond the bounds of mass tourism, they remain unspoiled, retaining their original character, and their ancient sites are devoid of large groups of visitors. A special feature of the cruise is the inclusion of the small, uninhabited, and seldom-visited islet of Despotiko, which was an important sanctuary of Apollo in antiquity. Ongoing excavations under Greek archaeologist Yannos Kourayos have revealed major structures, including the Temple of Apollo, now partially restored.

Your engaging AIA expert, Professor Shelmerdine, will offer a series of onboard lectures and informal discussions, and local guides will illuminate the sites on every excursion ashore. Our custom-designed itinerary, the small size of the ship, and the planned activities combine to make for a truly memorable travel-learning experience.

Since Callisto has only 17 cabins and this program is co-sponsored, contact our office today at [email protected] or (800) 748-6262 to be notified first when the tour is ready.

The Callisto (17-cabin small-ship)

In an era of mega cruise ships that carry thousands of passengers, Callisto is a delightful alternative. More like a private yacht than a cruise ship, Callisto accommodates a maximum of just 34 guests in 17 cabins that face outside. Unlike the formalities found on larger cruise ships, a relaxed and informal atmosphere prevails aboard. A well-trained English-speaking crew of 18 manages the ship and provides friendly and efficient service. The dining room, surrounded by large windows, accommodates all guests at one unassigned seating, while the adjoining lounge, which is also lined with windows, is a good place to meet and socialize with fellow travelers, and attend lectures. When the weather permits, several meals will be served al fresco. A library faces the spacious Sun Deck.

Tour Prices per person

Tour prices start at $7,490 double occupancy, limited cabins available for single occupancy at a supplement of 150% of the per person double occupancy rate. More information on pricing and other details will be available on the brochure when it is available. Contact us to be notified first when it is available.

To reserve your space using the online form, click here.

For reservations or questions, please email us at [email protected] (and include your full name) or call us toll-free at (800) 748-6262 (toll: 603-756-2884).

Santorini, Greece

Parthenon, Athens, Greece

Lion's Gate, Mycenae - AIA Tours: The Legacy of Ancient Greece travel with the AIA

Friday, October 21 2022 – DEPART THE US Saturday, October 22 – ATHENS, Greece Sunday, October 23 – ATHENS Monday, October 24 – ATHENS/FLY TO HERAKLION, Crete Tuesday, October 25 – HERAKLION Wednesday, October 26 – SANTORINI Thursday, October 27 – AMORGOS Friday, October 28 – DESPOTIKO & PAROS Saturday, October 29 – SIFNOS Sunday, October 30 – NAFPLION, EPIDAURUS & MYCENAE Monday, October 31 – PIRAEUS/USA

For reservations or questions, please email us at [email protected] (and include your full name) or call us toll-free at (800) 748-6262. To reserve your space using the online form, click here.

View Detailed Itinerary

Friday, October 21, 2022: DEPART HOME FOR ATHENS, GREECE

Saturday, October 22: ATHENS, Greece Arrive in Athens and transfer to the Hotel Athens Capital, located in the center of the city, convenient to many attractions. Enjoy a welcome dinner at a local restaurant. Meals: D

Sunday, October 23: ATHENS One of the world’s most venerable cities, Athens is the capital of Greece and Europe’s oldest city. Its ancient monuments are testimonials to its glorious past that gave birth to democracy and many other ideas and institutions that form an integral part of the Western tradition. Explore this morning the Agora, the civic and commercial center of ancient Athens and the living heart of its democracy. See the remains of the civic buildings and visit the Agora Museum. Continue to the hill of Areopagus, where, in A.D. 51, St. Paul addressed the Athenians. After lunch at a local restaurant, tour the Acropolis and its celebrated monuments, including the sublime Parthenon. Built in the 5th century B.C., the Parthenon and other structures of the same period represent the highest achievement of architecture and art of the Classical period. Visit also the Acropolis Museum and view an outstanding collection of sculpture. Alternatively, you may take a full-day excursion out of Athens to visit the Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron, and the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion. Both sites date from the 5th century B.C. Lunch will be served in a country taverna. Everyone returns to the Hotel Athens Capital, and dinner is on your own. Meals: B, L

Monday, October 24: ATHENS/FLY TO HERAKLION, Crete This morning visit the National Archaeological Museum. Housed in a large building that was first erected in the second part of the 19th century, the museum contains the country’s finest collection of ancient art, representing Greece’s long history from the prehistoric period to the Roman era. After lunch, continue to the airport for our flight to Heraklion, Crete’s largest city and commercial center (flight duration: 45 minutes). Upon arrival, transfer to the port to board Callisto. Overnight aboard while docked in port. Meals: B, L, D

Tuesday, October 25: HERAKLION The largest of the Greek islands, Crete was home to Europe’s earliest advanced civilization, the Minoan, which flourished during the Bronze Age, starting around 2000 B.C. This morning we drive to the south of the island to visit Phaestos, one of the main Minoan palaces that have been excavated. Situated on a plain overlooking Crete’s highest mountain, Mount Ida, the first palace was built around 1900 B.C. Continue on to nearby Gortyn which, occupied since the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, became the capital of the province of Crete and Cyrenaica (North Africa) during the Roman period. The substantial remains of the city include the 5th-century B.C. Law Code, the city laws inscribed in stone blocks. Return to Heraklion and enjoy lunch at the Peskesi restaurant, known for its excellent Cretan cuisine. In the afternoon, tour the partially-reconstructed Minoan palace of Knossos. Clustered around a spacious courtyard, the palace contains a maze of rooms, passages, and stairways that reveal the brilliance and refinement of the Minoan civilization. Visit also the superlative Heraklion Museum to admire the exquisite art of the Minoans. For those who have visited previously these ancient sites, the following alternative excursions will be offered. In the morning, drive to Archanes, the site of a Minoan palace, where we will visit the informative Archaeological Museum; the necropolis of Fourni, which was used from c. 2400 B.C. to 1000 B.C.; and the Minoan settlement at Vathypetro. After lunch at the Peskesi restaurant, visit the Minoan palace of Malia and the 13th-century church of Panaghia Kera, whose walls are covered with frescoes. Callisto will cruise in the evening. Meals: B, L, D

Wednesday, October 26: SANTORINI Be on deck this morning as the ship approaches Santorini to admire one of the most iconic sights of the Mediterranean: the white-washed town of Phira, the island’s main town, perched on the 1,000-foot-high palisade of the volcanic caldera. Known in classical antiquity as Thera, the island was a flourishing trading center inhabited by a sophisticated society during the Bronze Age. In the late 17th century B.C., a massive volcanic eruption collapsed half of the island and buried its town, now called Akrotiri, in a thick layer of ash and pumice, preserving its houses, squares, and streets as they existed 3,700 years ago. Visit Akrotiri and the Museum of Prehistoric Thera, which exhibits the artifacts excavated at Akrotiri. Enjoy lunch at a restaurant that offers spectacular views of the caldera and serves local specialties. Spend the afternoon at leisure for independent activities, or join an excursion that will explore the remains of Thera, the island’s historic city, which was founded in the 9th century B.C. Located on the ridge of a mountain, the site, which requires walking over uneven terrain to reach, includes an agora, theater, sanctuaries, and houses. Meals: B, L, D

Thursday, October 27: AMORGOS Known for its dramatic scenery, lovely Amorgos has been settled since the 5th millennium B.C. Call at the island’s main port, which hugs a curving cove, and explore its ancient remains, including the settlement at Markiani, which dates from the Early Cycladic period (2800 B.C. – 2000 B.C.); Minoa and Aegiale, both founded in the 10th century B.C.; and the monastery of Chozoviotissa. Built in the 11th century under a charter from the Byzantine emperor, the monastery is precipitously situated high above the sea. Also visit the Archaeological Museum, which is a housed in a 17th-century mansion and exhibits finds from excavations carried out on the island. The museum is in Chora, Amorgos’ enchanting main town, which sits on a plateau and is crowned by a 13th-century citadel. Time will be provided to explore Chora. Meals: B, L, D

Friday, October 28: DESPOTIKO & PAROS Arrive in the morning at the uninhabited and seldom-visited islet of Despotiko. The small island was active during the Bronze Age, but later, starting in the Archaic era (early 7th century B.C. – early 5th century B.C.), it became one of the most important sanctuaries of Apollo in the Aegean Sea. Recent excavations under archaeologist Yannos Kourayos have brought to light many artifacts and revealed the remains of several buildings, including the large Temple of Apollo, which was partially restored last year. After exploring the remarkable excavations of Despotiko, sail to the nearby island of Paros, one of the quintessential Cycladic islands. Home of Archilochus, the great 7th-century B.C. lyric poet who was considered by the ancients as great as Homer, Paros was also the source of some of the world’s finest marble that was preferred by master sculptors from antiquity to more recent times. Call at Parikia, the island’s main town that features the white-washed architecture of the central Greek islands, and from there explore the island, including the remains of the 6th-century B.C. sanctuary of Athena, the Hellenistic houses and ancient cemeteries, and the ancient marble quarries. In Parikia, we will also visit the impressive church of Ekatontapyliani (Our Lady of a Hundred Doors), whose foundation dates from the 4th century, and the Archaeological Museum, which exhibits fine sculptures of Parian marble and artifacts excavated on Despotiko. Meals: B, L, D

Saturday, October 29: SIFNOS This small island was famed in antiquity for its wealth that was produced by its gold and silver mines. Archaeological evidence suggests that the gold and silver deposits were exploited as early as the Bronze Age. Unaffected by tourist development and having preserved its character, Sifnos is one of the most delightful of Greece’s islands. Scattered around the island are several stone towers that were built starting in the late 6th century B.C. to protect the mines. One of the most impressive to have survived is the Aspros Pyrgos (White Tower), which we will explore. On the summit of the hill of Aghios Andreas, we will explore the fortified citadel that dates from the Mycenaean period. The complex construction of the defense walls is considered to be unique in the Aegean. The museum on the site exhibits artifacts dating from the early Bronze Age to later periods. Crowning a promontory above the sea is Kastro, the medieval citadel, which occupies the site of ancient Sifnos. Still visible are sections of the city’s impressive walls that were constructed late in the 6th century B.C. The island’s Archaeological Museum is also found here and it exhibits Cycladic marble objects and other artifacts. In addition to exploring the island’s ancient sites, we will also spend time in the very attractive towns of Apollonia and Artemonas. Meals: B, L, D

Sunday, October 30: NAFPLION, EPIDAURUS & MYCENAE Set on a spacious bay and crowned by two citadels, Nafplion is one of Greece’s most attractive old towns. Drive to Epidaurus, the sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius, the god of healing. Epidaurus was in antiquity a religious shrine, health center, and popular spa. Its incredible 4th-century B.C. theater is famed for its perfect acoustics and harmonious proportions. Continue to Mycenae, the most important center of the Mycenaean civilization that flourished in the 2nd millennium B.C. Called by Homer “rich in gold” and “well-built,” Mycenae was the home of Agamemnon, who led the Greeks in the war against Troy. The nearby fertile area of Nemea has been producing fine wine from antiquity to the present time. We will enjoy lunch at the Skouras Winery, accompanied by its wines. Alternatively, spend the day touring Mycenaean Tiryns; Argos, one of the most storied cities of ancient Greece; and prehistoric Lerna, which dates back to 6500 B.C. Meals: B, L, D

Monday, October 31: PIRAEUS/FLY HOME Disembark in the morning in Zea Marina, a yacht harbor near Piraeus, the port of Athens, and transfer to Athens airport for return flights home. Meals: B

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Exploring How Ancient Greeks Traveled: Ships, Land-Based Transport, Horses, Trade Routes and Roads

By Happy Sharer

Introduction

Travel in ancient Greece was a complex undertaking, requiring knowledge of a variety of transportation options and an understanding of the geography of the region. This article will explore how ancient Greeks traveled, examining the use of ships and boats, land-based transport, horses, trade routes, and roads.

Examining the Use of Ships and Boats

Ships and boats were an important part of life in ancient Greece and were used for both commercial and leisure purposes. According to historian Paul Chrystal, “The Greeks developed a range of vessels which included cargo ships, triremes, penteconters, biremes, quadriremes and galley ships.” These ships were propelled by oars, sails, or a combination of both, and could be used for short trips or long voyages.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ship Travel

Ship travel had several advantages for the ancient Greeks. For example, it provided access to distant lands that could not be reached by land-based transport. Additionally, ship travel was often faster than land-based travel due to the lack of roads in many areas. However, ship travel also had some drawbacks. It was more expensive than other forms of transportation, and it was vulnerable to storms, pirates, and other external factors.

Exploring Land-Based Travel Options

Land-based transportation was also an important part of life in ancient Greece. The most common form of transportation was walking, although horses, chariots, and carts were also used. Historian Christopher S. Mackay notes that “in addition to walking, horses were often used for transportation, especially in rural areas.”

Advantages and Disadvantages of Land-Based Travel

Land-based travel had several advantages for the ancient Greeks. It was relatively inexpensive and allowed travelers to reach their destination quickly. Additionally, it was less vulnerable to external factors such as storms and pirates. However, land-based travel also had some drawbacks. It was limited to the existing network of roads, and it was often slower than ship travel.

Investigating the Impact of Horses on Travel

Horses were an important part of life in ancient Greece, and they played an important role in travel. Historian Thomas R. Martin explains that “horses and chariots were used for transportation in the Greek world, especially by the upper classes and the military.” Horses allowed travelers to cover longer distances in shorter periods of time, making them an invaluable asset for travelers.

How Horses Impacted Movement

Horses had a significant impact on movement in ancient Greece. They allowed travelers to cover greater distances in shorter periods of time, making long journeys more feasible. Additionally, horses increased the speed of military campaigns, allowing armies to move swiftly and launch surprise attacks. On the other hand, horses were expensive to maintain and required a great deal of care and attention.

Understanding How Trade Routes Affected Movement

Trade routes were an important part of life in ancient Greece, and they played an essential role in travel. According to historian William Shepherd, “trade routes connected the different cities and regions of Ancient Greece, providing a means of communication, exchange of goods, and cultural diffusion.”

Benefits of Trade Routes for Travel

Trade routes had several benefits for travelers in ancient Greece. They provided a safe and reliable way to travel between cities and regions. Additionally, they allowed travelers to access resources and goods from distant locations. Finally, trade routes provided a way for people to share ideas and stories, enabling cultural diffusion.

Assessing the Role of Roads in Ancient Greek Travel

Roads were an important part of life in ancient Greece, and they played a major role in travel. According to historian R. T. Waller, “roads were built throughout the Greek world to connect cities and allow for greater mobility.”

Types of Roads Used

The types of roads used in ancient Greece varied depending on the region. In some cases, roads were made of packed dirt and gravel. In other cases, they were constructed using stone blocks or bricks. In any case, roads were designed to be wide enough to accommodate wheeled vehicles such as chariots and carts.

Benefits of Roads for Travel

Roads had several benefits for travelers in ancient Greece. They allowed travelers to move quickly between cities and regions. Additionally, they provided a safe and reliable way to transport goods. Finally, roads enabled armies to move quickly and launch surprise attacks.

Travel in ancient Greece was an undertaking that required knowledge of a variety of transportation options and an understanding of the geography of the region. This article has explored the various methods of travel used by ancient Greeks, including ships and boats, land-based transport, horses, trade routes, and roads. It has examined the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as their impact on movement. Overall, it is clear that travel was an integral part of life in ancient Greece, and the methods of travel used at the time had a lasting impact on the region.

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Hi, I'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others. I have a passion for learning and enjoy explaining complex concepts in a simple way.

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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

Ancient greek colonization and trade and their influence on greek art.

Terracotta vase in the form of a ketos (sea monster)

Terracotta krater with lid surmounted by a small hydria

Attributed to the Cesnola Painter

Terracotta antefix (roof tile)

Terracotta neck-amphora (storage jar)

Terracotta sarcophagus rim

Terracotta jug with an oversize spout

Faience aryballos (perfume vase) in the form of two heads

Terracotta hydria (water jar)

Attributed to the Eagle Painter

Terracotta calyx-krater (mixing bowl)

Attributed to the Dolon Painter

Limestone funerary relief

Terracotta architectural tile

Colette Hemingway Independent Scholar

Seán Hemingway Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Greek colonization began at an early date, during the so-called Geometric period of about 900 to 700 B.C. ( 74.51.965 ), when many seminal elements of ancient Greek society were also established, such as city-states, major sanctuaries, and the Panhellenic festivals. The Greek alphabet, inspired by the writing of the Phoenician sea traders, was developed and spread at this time.

Greece is a country surrounded by water, and the sea has always played an important role in its history. The ancient Greeks were active seafarers seeking opportunities for trade and founding new independent cities at coastal sites across the Mediterranean Sea. By the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., Greek colonies and settlements stretched all the way from western Asia Minor to southern Italy, Sicily, North Africa , and even to the coasts of southern France and Spain. Regional schools of artists exhibited a rich variety of styles and preferences at this time. The major Ionian cities along the coast of Asia Minor prospered ( 21.169.1 ). They cultivated relationships with other affluent centers like Sardis in Lydia ( 14.30.9 ), which was ruled by the legendary King Croesus in the sixth century B.C. Indeed, by this time, the eastern Greeks controlled much of the Aegean Sea and had established independent cities to the north along the Black Sea. This region, in particular, opened up further trade connections to the north that gave access to valuable raw materials, such as gold.

Trading stations played an important role as the furthest outposts of Greek culture. Here, Greek goods, such as pottery ( 2009.529 ), bronzes, silver and gold vessels, olive oil, wine, and textiles, were exchanged for luxury items and exotic raw materials that were in turn worked by Greek craftsmen. The Greeks established trading enclaves within existing local communities in the Levant, such as at Al-Mina. In the Nile Delta, the port town of Naukratis ( 1972.118.142 ) served as a commercial headquarters for Greek traders in Egypt.

Likewise, well-established maritime trade routes around the Mediterranean basin enabled foreigners to travel to Greece. In the seventh century B.C. , contacts with itinerant eastern craftsmen, notably on Crete and Cyprus , inspired Greek artists to work in techniques as diverse as gem cutting , ivory carving, jewelry making, and metalworking. After the unprecedented military campaign of Alexander the Great (r. 336–323 B.C. ), more extensive trade routes were opened across Asia, extending as far as Afghanistan and the Indus Valley. These new trade routes introduced Greek art to cultures in the East, and also exposed Greek artists to a host of artistic styles and techniques, as well as precious stones. Garnets, emeralds, rubies, and amethysts were incorporated into new types of Hellenistic jewelry , more stunning than ever before. In the ensuing centuries, the Greeks continued to live in these eastern regions, but always maintained contact with the Greek mainland. East Greek artists also emigrated to Etruria , where they settled at Caere, an Etruscan city on the Italian coast ( 64.11.1 ).

On the other hand, the Greek colonies in Sicily and southern Italy, a region known as Magna Graecia, comprised politically independent entities that maintained religious ties and trade links with their mother cities. Up until the mid-sixth century B.C. , Corinth dominated trade in the West. For the most part, it exported Corinthian vases ( 06.1021.18 ), which were often filled with olive oil, in return for grain. Some city-states, such as Syracuse and Selinus in Sicily, erected major temples that rivaled those in the eastern part of Greece. Unlike the Aegean islands and mainland Greece, where marble was plentiful, Sicily and southern Italy had few local sources of high-quality marble. Thus, the artists in Magna Graecia established a strong tradition of working with terracotta and limestone ( 22.139.56 ). Many of the colonies in the West minted their own silver coins with distinctive designs and emblems.

As a predominant naval force in the latter part of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. , Athens exerted its influence over sea trade. Athenian pottery was widely exported, especially to Etruria and to the colonies in southern Italy, where it inspired local imitations. In the Hellenistic period , Syracuse dominated much of Sicily, and local artistic styles flourished. Particularly ornate sculptural and painted vases were produced at Centuripe. By this time, Syracuse as a cosmopolitan city rivaled any other in the Greek world. It boasted major temples, as well as civic buildings and monuments. In fact, the theater at Syracuse—one of the largest ever built in antiquity—continues to be a celebrated destination for dramatic performances. In 272 B.C. , the Romans conquered Magna Graecia, and Sicily came under Roman rule when Syracuse fell to Rome in 212 B.C. As a result, the newly conquered western Greek colonies played an important role as the transmitters of Greek culture to the Romans and the rest of the Italian peninsula.

Hemingway, Colette, and Seán Hemingway. “Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/angk/hd_angk.htm (July 2007)

Additional Essays by Seán Hemingway

Hemingway, Seán. “ Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition .” (April 2007)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Greek Hydriai (Water Jars) and Their Artistic Decoration .” (July 2007)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Hellenistic Jewelry .” (April 2007)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Intellectual Pursuits of the Hellenistic Age .” (April 2007)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Mycenaean Civilization .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Africans in Ancient Greek Art .” (January 2008)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Greek Gods and Religious Practices .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Seán. “ The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B.C.) .” (January 2008)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Athletics in Ancient Greece .” (October 2002)
Hemingway, Seán. “ The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander the Great .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Seán. “ The Technique of Bronze Statuary in Ancient Greece .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Cyprus—Island of Copper .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Music in Ancient Greece .” (October 2001)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Etruscan Art .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Prehistoric Cypriot Art and Culture .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Seán. “ Minoan Crete .” (October 2002)

Additional Essays by Colette Hemingway

Hemingway, Colette. “ Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition .” (April 2007)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Greek Hydriai (Water Jars) and Their Artistic Decoration .” (July 2007)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Hellenistic Jewelry .” (April 2007)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Intellectual Pursuits of the Hellenistic Age .” (April 2007)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Mycenaean Civilization .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Retrospective Styles in Greek and Roman Sculpture .” (July 2007)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Africans in Ancient Greek Art .” (January 2008)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Architecture in Ancient Greece .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Greek Gods and Religious Practices .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Colette. “ The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B.C.) .” (January 2008)
Hemingway, Colette. “ The Labors of Herakles .” (January 2008)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Athletics in Ancient Greece .” (October 2002)
Hemingway, Colette. “ The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander the Great .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ The Technique of Bronze Statuary in Ancient Greece .” (October 2003)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Women in Classical Greece .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Cyprus—Island of Copper .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Music in Ancient Greece .” (October 2001)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) and Art .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Etruscan Art .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Prehistoric Cypriot Art and Culture .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Sardis .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Medicine in Classical Antiquity .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Southern Italian Vase Painting .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Theater in Ancient Greece .” (October 2004)
Hemingway, Colette. “ The Kithara in Ancient Greece .” (October 2002)
Hemingway, Colette. “ Minoan Crete .” (October 2002)

Related Essays

Geometric Art in Ancient Greece
The Phoenicians (1500–300 B.C.)
The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander the Great
Southern Italian Vase Painting
Antique Engraved Gems and Renaissance Collectors
Architecture in Ancient Greece
The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B.C.)
Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition
Art of the Roman Provinces, 1–500 A.D.
Barbarians and Romans
Eastern Religions in the Roman World
Etruscan Art
Etruscan Language and Inscriptions
The Five Wares of South Italian Vase Painting
Geometric and Archaic Cyprus
Greek Art in the Archaic Period
Greek Hydriai (Water Jars) and Their Artistic Decoration
Hellenistic Jewelry
The Symposium in Ancient Greece
Theater in Ancient Greece

List of Rulers

List of Rulers of the Ancient Greek World
Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.
3rd Century B.C.
4th Century B.C.
5th Century B.C.
6th Century B.C.
7th Century B.C.
8th Century B.C.
9th Century B.C.
Ancient Greek Art
Ancient Roman Art
Architecture
Balkan Peninsula
Funerary Art
Geometric Period
Greek and Roman Mythology
Hellenistic Period
Mythical Creature
North Africa
Relief Sculpture
Sculpture in the Round

Artist or Maker

Cesnola Painter
Tarporley Painter

July 1, 2022
Europe , Now Boarding , Travel Inspiration

Explore Ancient Greece – A 14 days Travel Itinerary

While there are many tours and itineraries which incorporate everything that Greece has to offer, such as the magical Greek Islands, historic locations as well as adventurous locations, we have put together a 14-day ancient Greece travel itinerary that is ideally suited to those who want to get up close and personal with the many ancient ruins and sites that revolve around the countries impressive and long past.

This itinerary will be an exciting opportunity to be guided by a local Destination Expert, who can answer your questions along the way, introduce you to these sites from a local perspective and show you some important hidden gems, which are significant to Greece’s historic past. If you are a history buff and have always wanted to get an in-depth look at the various sites scattered throughout Greece, then this 14-day ancient Greece travel itinerary is for you.

Athens, Delphi, Olympia, Meteora & Santorini

While some of these sites can be explored within a short time, this 14-day ancient Greece travel itinerary ensures that you get to see a variety of the best and most important (and most impressive) ancient sites which are located around the country. Two weeks is a perfect amount of time to enjoy your time, take it all in, and still have time to relax in between all the visits, which is a must when it comes to an itinerary like this. There is so much to look forward to on this immersive 14-day itinerary, so let us show you what you can expect to experience.

Day 1: Athens

You will begin your journey in the capital of Athens, a city that is one of the oldest in the world. You will have a chance to unwind, explore the streets of the vibrant Plaka neighborhood, as well as indulge in your first of many Greek dinners that evening with a phenomenal view over the Parthenon. Get a good rest tonight, to set yourself up for the following days of history and adventure.

Day 2: Athens

Today will be an immersive experience of Athens and all that it offers, including a city tour, a trip to the Acropolis, and a visit to the Acropolis Museum, which houses all the artifacts ever found at this site. You will get y=to feast your eyes on the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, the Propylaea, the Nike Temple, and while exploring the city you can marvel at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, the Ancient Agora, and the National Observatory of Athens.

Day 3: Delphi

Today you will make your way to Delphi, a place steeped in history, 3,000 years of it to be specific, and history lovers will be in their element with a guided tour of the Archeological Museum of Delphi, the UNESCO World Heritage Site itself as well as the stories behind it all. This impressive archeological site was recognized for its unique place in Ancient Greek mythology, culture, and Hellenic unity and was the home of the Muses where people consulted the Oracle of Delphi for wisdom before any major decisions were made. There is plenty of information to take in today, so take your time and ask plenty of questions.

Day 4: Olympia

Olympia is one of the most fascinating places on earth and is one that has such a strong historical significance in Greece and throughout the world. No trip to the mainland is complete without a visit to the birthplace of the Olympic Games, which began in the 8th Century BC and lasted until the 4th Century AD. Apart from marveling at one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, you will get a chance to visit the on-site museum, which will provide all the relevant information.

Day 5: Dimoitsana Village

This rural village in the mountains of the Peloponnese was once an important base for revolutionary fighters and is home to an Open-Air Water Powered Museum which can be discovered before some river walking to the town of Stemitsana for an afternoon of leisure. This town is known for its handicrafts and silver smithing, so be sure to wander around and see what gems you can find.

Day 6: Nafplio

This coastal town is a beauty waiting to be discovered, and not only does it have an impressive hilltop fortress that provides excellent coastal views, but the town itself is a joy to wander around, with plenty of bars, restaurants, and local stores to enjoy. Take some time to enjoy the harbor, follow in the footsteps of history and enjoy some local food and drinks in town with stunning vistas.

Day 7: Ancient Mycenae

Today you will visit the archaeological site of Mycenae, which is one of the most famous in the country and will be a fantastic experience for anyone with a keen interest in Greek history. This impressive site was recognized by UNESCO for many reasons, and it is one of the most visited ancient sites of Greece, providing a great insight into Mycenae culture and civilization, which dominated mainland Greece at one time.

Day 8: Travel to Santorini

After many days of historic sites, incredible views, and a lot of information, it is time to take the ferry to Santorini, the first island of the trip. This is an ideal place to relax, unwind and experience a part of Greece which differs greatly from the mainland. This will be the ideal chance to get more into the culture and heritage of Greece, giving you a different perspective of the country compared to the ancient Greek way of life you have come to learn about. Experience the history of winemaking, try local food, and enjoy the stunning sunset over the iconic white and blue hillside houses, before diving right back into your ancient Greece travel itinerary with a visit to the Byzantine Castle ruins.

Day 9: Santorini at your leisure

Today is the day you can pick and choose what you feel like doing, and Santorini is an ideal place to suit everyone’s taste, with a variety of beaches to relax on, activities to enjoy, and sights to see – your day can be enjoyed as you please. Some fantastic options include taking a boat trip to the Santorini caldera, doing some hiking, going swimming at one of the many Blue Flag beaches, or strolling around the local shops taking the day slowly.

Day 10: Hiking the Caldera

This makes for an adventurous day of exploration, history, and discovery, as well as impressive landscapes and sights to behold. Santorini’s volcanic landscape is best-enjoyed on a hiking adventure, and today you will take on the Fira – Oia hike which will take between 2 – 5 hours and can be taken fast or slow. This hike is suitable for everyone and those looking for more of a challenge can take the extra hour to detour to Skaros Rock, before continuing along the 10.5km (6.5 miles) path.

Day 11: Mykonos

Your next island destination is Mykonos, and although it is renowned for its fantastic beaches, vibrant culture, and nature, there are a host of ancient sites you can choose to explore during your free time. Your first day in Mykonos can be enjoyed by taking in the vibes of the narrow streets, enjoying some local food, and perhaps opting for some adrenaline-filled water activities, before taking on some more ancient adventures tomorrow.

Day 12: Mykonos

Today you will visit some of the most unspoiled beaches of the island, which you may even get to enjoy completely alone – a rarity on a Greek island. You can visit the Ano Mera village and its open-air market, and if you have some time today you may wish to take the 30-minute boat ride to visit Ancient Delos which served as the religious center of the Aegean and is said to have been the birthplace of the Greek Gods Apollo and Artemis. You can also opt to explore the Mykonos Ancient folklore museum as well as Kastro Panigraki and the archeological site of Ftelia.

Day 13: Return to Athens

This is a great way to end your trip, by spending the day how you like, depending on what you missed out on at the beginning or are interested in seeing this time around. Some great options are to visit the National Archaeology Museum, the ancient marketplace of Agora, the fascinating Byzantium Museum, the frescoed Church of the Holy Apostles and witness the Changing of the Guard at Syntagma Square.

Day 14: Departure from Athens

Your ancient Greece travel itinerary is complete, and you will depart from Athens today, no doubt with many memorable experiences under your belt, as well as a better understanding of what life was like in ancient Greece.

Best suited to Families, solo travelers, couples, and groups with a keen interest in ancient Greek history.

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Greek singer marinella is in stable but critical condition after collapsing during a concert.

Associated Press

ATHENS – Popular Greek singer Marinella was in stable but critical condition in an Athens hospital Thursday, the hospital said in a statement, a day after she collapsed on stage during a concert in the ancient Herod Atticus theater.

Marinella, 86, suffered a stroke and was being treated in the intensive care unit for extensive brain bleeding, Hygeia hospital said in a statement. The singer was on her third song during Wednesday night’s concert in the ancient Roman theater at the foot of the Acropolis when she appeared to lose her balance and then staggered and collapsed. The rest of the concert, which was also to have featured Greek singer Antonis Remos, was canceled.

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Travel in the Ancient Greek World
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